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APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory

Summary: APEX adapts the updatable ALEX learned index for persistent memory, combining distribution-aware models with PM-specific techniques to minimize costly accesses while supporting concurrency and persistence. It delivers up to 15× higher performance than PM indexes and ~42 ms crash recovery. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
13122
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
7.9700885e-05
Overall Rank
2,910 | 80.04%
DOI
10.14778/3494124.3494141

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{lu_vldb22,
        title = {{APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory}},
        author = {Lu, Baotong and Ding, Jialin and Lo, Eric and Minhas, Umar Farooq and Wang, Tianz​heng},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {3},
        pages = {597--610},
        doi = {10.14778/3494124.3494141},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3494124.3494141},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 29 of 29 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,806 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.1013097e-05
3,792 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1220982e-05
4,300 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.773869e-05
4,414 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.7159984e-05
4,578 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 6.6210545e-05
5,261 Oasis: An Optimal Disjoint Segmented Learned Range Filter 2024 VLDB 6.2955539e-05
5,974 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 6.0230488e-05
6,687 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.8022308e-05
6,733 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two 2022 VLDB 5.7880281e-05
6,742 Bf-Tree: A Modern Read-Write-Optimized Concurrent Larger-Than-Memory Range Index 2024 VLDB 5.7862414e-05
6,874 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.7489487e-05
7,368 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6315363e-05
8,039 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.5021992e-05
8,474 OptiQL: Robust Optimistic Locking for Memory-Optimized Indexes 2023 SIGMOD 5.4172941e-05
8,591 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 5.4059856e-05
8,904 A Design Space Exploration and Evaluation for Main-Memory Hash Joins in Storage Class Memory 2023 VLDB 5.3483178e-05
8,963 The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 5.3435901e-05
9,106 AirIndex: Versatile Index Tuning Through Data and Storage 2023 SIGMOD 5.3226167e-05
9,411 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.274743e-05
9,974 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 5.1845938e-05
10,262 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,267 Mathematical Foundations of Poisoning Attacks on Linear Regression over Cumulative Distribution Functions 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,378 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,461 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,568 Operation-Aware Hybrid Locking for Modern In-Memory Indexes 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,617 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,829 FB+-tree: A Memory-Optimized B+-tree with Latch-Free Update 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,955 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,357 Data Pipes: Declarative Control over Data Movement 2023 CIDR 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 22 of 22 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
43 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046060254
67 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00038461275
447 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018322593
477 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017851226
491 FPTree: A Hybrid SCM-DRAM Persistent and Concurrent B-Tree for Storage Class Memory 2016 SIGMOD 0.00017575163
621 Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory 2015 VLDB 0.00015695264
790 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.0001401445
847 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.0001365768
873 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013481915
882 HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001342403
948 BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory 2018 VLDB 0.0001303916
964 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012934147
1,135 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00012032847
1,174 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011817414
1,368 Dash: Scalable Hashing on Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 0.00011003184
1,418 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010835539
1,551 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010381398
1,823 LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory 2020 VLDB 9.6739945e-05
1,840 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.6404567e-05
2,246 DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 8.8734154e-05
2,707 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.2279594e-05
6,113 Patience is a Virtue: Revisiting Merge and Sort on Modern Processors 2014 SIGMOD 5.9715554e-05
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