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FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation
Summary: FLAT: FSPN, an unsupervised model blending independent and conditional factorizations for cardinality estimation. Near-linear online probability with updates enables fast single- and multi-table estimates; Postgres integration yields 12.9% gains.
(summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
- Paper ID
- 12337
- Venue
- VLDB
- Year
- 2021
- Pagerank
- 8.1585394e-05
- Overall Rank
- 2,762 | 80.79%
- DOI
-
10.14778/3461535.3461539
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 1 of 51 citing papers.
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 27 of 27 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank |
Cited Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 1 |
Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System |
1979 |
SIGMOD |
0.0040449103 |
| 66 |
Spark SQL: Relational Data Processing in Spark |
2015 |
SIGMOD |
0.00061639801 |
| 71 |
How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? |
2016 |
VLDB |
0.00059038975 |
| 99 |
On the Propagation of Errors in the Size of Join Results |
1991 |
SIGMOD |
0.00050022914 |
| 102 |
The Case for Learned Index Structures |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.00049545203 |
| 141 |
Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption |
1997 |
VLDB |
0.00041786333 |
| 182 |
LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer |
2001 |
VLDB |
0.00036962631 |
| 183 |
Automatic Database Management System Tuning Through Large-scale Machine Learning |
2017 |
SIGMOD |
0.00036721403 |
| 204 |
Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning |
2019 |
CIDR |
0.00034784455 |
| 333 |
Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer |
2019 |
VLDB |
0.00027206884 |
| 372 |
Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models |
2001 |
SIGMOD |
0.00025354779 |
| 512 |
STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram |
2001 |
SIGMOD |
0.00021380733 |
| 608 |
DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! |
2020 |
VLDB |
0.00019235898 |
| 758 |
Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation |
2020 |
VLDB |
0.0001706608 |
| 842 |
Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data |
2001 |
SIGMOD |
0.00016031973 |
| 910 |
NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables |
2021 |
VLDB |
0.00015423056 |
| 996 |
Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes |
2000 |
SIGMOD |
0.00014741524 |
| 1,105 |
Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling |
2017 |
CIDR |
0.00013990395 |
| 1,254 |
Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models |
2019 |
VLDB |
0.00013027411 |
| 1,369 |
Random Sampling over Joins Revisited |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.00012339777 |
| 1,478 |
Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00011762542 |
| 1,547 |
Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions |
2011 |
VLDB |
0.00011442359 |
| 1,703 |
Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? |
2021 |
VLDB |
0.00010836769 |
| 2,083 |
Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds |
2019 |
VLDB |
9.5834572e-05 |
| 2,165 |
Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation |
2015 |
SIGMOD |
9.389622e-05 |
| 2,588 |
Database Learning: Toward a Database that Becomes Smarter Every Time |
2017 |
SIGMOD |
8.4909562e-05 |
| 2,969 |
Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models |
2017 |
VLDB |
7.7974762e-05 |
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