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Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation

Summary: Comprehensive empirical evaluation and taxonomy of learned indexes, dissecting design choices for position inference/refinement, inserts, concurrency, and bulk-loading within a unified testbed. Benchmarks state-of-the-art learned indexes under identical settings and gives actionable guidance for selection and design. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
13055
Venue
VLDB
Year
2023
Pagerank
5.7121108e-05
Overall Rank
5,072 | 64.76%
DOI
10.14778/3594512.3594528

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
5,769 Oasis: An Optimal Disjoint Segmented Learned Range Filter 2024 VLDB 5.3326049e-05
6,202 Chat2Data: An Interactive Data Analysis System with RAG, Vector Databases and LLMs 2024 VLDB 5.1554849e-05
7,389 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 4.7386163e-05
8,079 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 4.5873372e-05
8,100 Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction 2024 SIGMOD 4.5821762e-05
8,624 Limousine: Blending Learned and Classical Indexes to Self-Design Larger-than-Memory Cloud Storage Engines 2024 SIGMOD 4.4786127e-05
8,668 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 4.4671214e-05
9,215 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.3679174e-05
9,351 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 4.3490308e-05
9,372 FEBench: A Benchmark for Real-Time Relational Data Feature Extraction 2023 VLDB 4.3461481e-05
9,618 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 4.3131993e-05
9,745 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 4.2856385e-05
10,038 Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,172 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,629 BLAEQ: A Multigrid Index for Spatial Query on Geometry Data 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,691 Accelerating Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Hierarchical Graphs: Efficient Level Navigation with Shortcuts 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,719 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,829 LETIndex: A Secure Learned Index with TEE 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 31 of 31 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
101 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049778866
382 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00024888997
819 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00016237497
844 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00015964123
1,365 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00012379754
1,438 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00011965956
1,464 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.0001184772
1,608 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011169837
1,887 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00010201938
2,108 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 9.5283642e-05
2,550 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 8.5569576e-05
2,676 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 8.326321e-05
2,868 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 7.9856878e-05
3,136 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 7.4926368e-05
3,455 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 7.0760196e-05
3,466 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.0645718e-05
3,729 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 6.8078013e-05
3,945 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 6.605467e-05
4,056 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 6.4905689e-05
4,069 CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures 2020 SIGMOD 6.4744708e-05
4,448 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 6.1741316e-05
4,543 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 6.0953507e-05
4,830 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 5.8884997e-05
5,154 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 5.6548237e-05
5,310 The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures 2022 SIGMOD 5.5713508e-05
5,323 Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions? 2023 VLDB 5.5671086e-05
5,601 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 5.4158958e-05
5,655 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 5.3877506e-05
6,488 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 5.0378878e-05
6,723 A Critical Analysis of Recursive Model Indexes 2022 VLDB 4.9449538e-05
8,408 The next 50 Years in Database Indexing or: The Case for Automatically Generated Index Structures 2022 VLDB 4.5159669e-05
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