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The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles

Summary: R*-tree: joint optimization of area, margin, and overlap in inner nodes for rectangles and multidimensional points. Extensive experiments on a standardized testbed show it outperforms Guttman’s linear/quadratic R-trees and Greene’s variant across point/rectangle queries and map overlay, with efficient data support and only modest implementation cost. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
2497
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1990
Pagerank
0.0016113151
Overall Rank
6 | 99.97%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 279 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,272 Continuous Nearest Neighbor Search 2002 VLDB 0.00012871443
1,301 Simba: Efficient In-Memory Spatial Analytics 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012702767
1,363 Range Queries in OLAP Data Cubes 1997 SIGMOD 0.00012380611
1,476 Towards an Analysis of Range Query Performance in Spatial Data Structures 1993 PODS 0.00011752931
1,499 Efficient Searching with Linear Constraints (Extended Abstract) 1998 PODS 0.00011643887
1,519 A Model for the Prediction of R-tree Performance 1996 PODS 0.00011535609
1,547 Spreadsheets in RDBMS for OLAP 2003 SIGMOD 0.00011417795
1,568 Indexing Multi-Dimensional Uncertain Data with Arbitrary Probability Density Functions 2005 VLDB 0.0001131667
1,605 Incremental Distance Join Algorithms for Spatial Databases 1998 SIGMOD 0.00011180126
1,613 MindReader: Querying databases through multiple examples 1998 VLDB 0.00011141103
1,732 Efficient Structural Joins on Indexed XML Documents 2002 VLDB 0.00010716665
1,755 Efficient User-Adaptable Similarity Search in Large Multimedia Databases 1997 VLDB 0.00010661725
1,766 Query and Update Efficient B+-Tree Based Indexing of Moving Objects 2004 VLDB 0.00010611043
1,769 Closest Pair Queries in Spatial Databases 2000 SIGMOD 0.00010608375
1,803 Incremental Clustering for Mining in a Data Warehousing Environment 1998 VLDB 0.00010481475
1,808 A Cost Model for Similarity Queries in Metric Spaces 1998 PODS 0.00010476269
1,830 Relaxing Join and Selection Queries 2006 VLDB 0.0001037611
1,878 ArrayStore: A Storage Manager for Complex Parallel Array Processing 2011 SIGMOD 0.00010229691
1,887 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00010201938
1,916 A Generic Framework for Monitoring Continuous Spatial Queries over Moving Objects 2005 SIGMOD 0.00010110473
1,923 The A-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Spaces Using Relative Approximation 2000 VLDB 0.00010079134
1,924 Reverse kNN Search in Arbitrary Dimensionality 2004 VLDB 0.00010075677
1,929 Efficient Numerical Error Bounding for Replicated Network Services 2000 VLDB 0.00010060709
1,966 LazyLSH: Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search for Multiple Distance Functions with a Single Index 2016 SIGMOD 9.9130791e-05
1,987 Optimizing Multidimensional Index Trees for Main Memory Access 2001 SIGMOD 9.8561164e-05
1,993 Column Imprints: A Secondary Index Structure 2013 SIGMOD 9.8403548e-05
2,001 A Qualitative Comparison Study of Data Structures for Large Line Segment Databases 1992 SIGMOD 9.8275076e-05
2,020 Efficient Retrieval of the Top-k Most Relevant Spatial Web Objects 2009 VLDB 9.7766925e-05
2,056 Selectivity Estimation in Spatial Databases 1999 SIGMOD 9.6692561e-05
2,088 Capacity Constrained Assignment in Spatial Databases 2008 SIGMOD 9.5707955e-05
2,108 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 9.5283642e-05
2,119 Scalable Sweeping-Based Spatial Join 1998 VLDB 9.5036401e-05
2,139 A Generic Approach to Bulk Loading Multidimensional Index Structures 1997 VLDB 9.4618572e-05
2,148 Spatial Keyword Query Processing: An Experimental Evaluation 2013 VLDB 9.4278918e-05
2,160 PM-LSH: A Fast and Accurate LSH Framework for High-Dimensional Approximate NN Search 2020 VLDB 9.4037759e-05
2,232 The DEDALE System for Complex Spatial Queries 1998 SIGMOD 9.2308835e-05
2,245 Parallel R-trees 1992 SIGMOD 9.2048202e-05
2,248 On Efficient Spatial Matching 2007 VLDB 9.1958821e-05
2,450 Efficient Computation of Reverse Skyline Queries 2007 VLDB 8.7855268e-05
2,478 Identifying Similarities, Periodicities and Bursts for Online Search Queries 2004 SIGMOD 8.6866662e-05
2,532 STRIPES: An Efficient Index for Predicted Trajectories 2004 SIGMOD 8.5886308e-05
2,592 Segment Indexes: Dynamic Indexing Techniques for Multi-Dimensional Interval Data 1991 SIGMOD 8.4841264e-05
2,666 WALRUS: A Similarity Retrieval Algorithm for Image Databases 1999 SIGMOD 8.3498373e-05
2,673 Spatial Joins Using Seeded Trees 1994 SIGMOD 8.3323551e-05
2,676 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 8.326321e-05
2,744 Indexing Large Trajectory Data Sets With SETI* 2003 CIDR 8.1917832e-05
2,893 Prediction and Indexing of Moving Objects with Unknown Motion Patterns 2004 SIGMOD 7.9547451e-05
2,905 Spatial Joins Using R-trees: Breadth-First Traversal with Global Optimizations 1997 VLDB 7.9364369e-05
2,969 Towards Efficient Index Construction and Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2023 VLDB 7.7955562e-05
2,978 Estimating the Selectivity of Spatial Queries Using the 'Correlation' Fractal Dimension 1995 VLDB 7.7848117e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0032118946
56 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.00065500256
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