DBScholar

Back to papers

LOF: Identifying Density-Based Local Outliers

Summary: Introduces Local Outlier Factor (LOF), a density-based, local, continuous score for how isolated an object is relative to its neighborhood. Formal analysis shows key properties; experiments on real data show LOF detects meaningful outliers missed by binary methods and remains practical. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
3238
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2000
Pagerank
0.0002962566
Overall Rank
142 | 99.03%
DOI
10.1145/342009.335388

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{breunig_sigmod00,
        title = {{LOF: Identifying Density-Based Local Outliers}},
        author = {Breunig, Markus M. and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Ng, Raymond T. and Sander, Jörg},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '00},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/342009.335388},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/342009.335388},
        year = {2000}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 62 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
578 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD 0.00016221871
581 Quality and Efficiency in High Dimensional Nearest Neighbor Search 2009 SIGMOD 0.00016153395
1,029 Anomaly Detection in Time Series: A Comprehensive Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012557065
1,534 Exathlon: A Benchmark for Explainable Anomaly Detection over Time Series 2021 VLDB 0.00010464308
1,805 SAND: Streaming Subsequence Anomaly Detection 2021 VLDB 9.7116108e-05
2,004 TSB-UAD: An End-to-End Benchmark Suite for Univariate Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 9.3207067e-05
2,137 Efficient Processing of k Nearest Neighbor Joins using MapReduce 2012 VLDB 9.110238e-05
2,340 Online Outlier Detection in Sensor Data Using Non-Parametric Models 2006 VLDB 8.7246796e-05
2,346 Series2Graph: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection for Time Series 2020 VLDB 8.7168932e-05
2,728 Uni-Detect: A Unified Approach to Automated Error Detection in Tables 2019 SIGMOD 8.1995954e-05
3,031 Interactive Outlier Exploration in Big Data Streams 2014 VLDB 7.8324917e-05
3,147 Auto-Detect: Data-Driven Error Detection in Tables 2018 SIGMOD 7.7077175e-05
3,447 Volume Under the Surface: A New Accuracy Evaluation Measure for Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 7.4085215e-05
3,987 Choose Wisely: An Extensive Evaluation of Model Selection for Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2023 VLDB 6.9722766e-05
4,062 AutoOD: Automatic Outlier Detection 2023 SIGMOD 6.9309994e-05
4,209 Outlier Detection for High Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 6.8319192e-05
4,465 Scalable Kernel Density Classification via Threshold-Based Pruning 2017 SIGMOD 6.6850249e-05
4,582 A Demonstration of AutoOD: A Self-Tuning Anomaly Detection System 2022 VLDB 6.6193306e-05
4,604 Debunking Four Long-Standing Misconceptions of Time-Series Distance Measures 2020 SIGMOD 6.6104585e-05
4,814 METER: A Dynamic Concept Adaptation Framework for Online Anomaly Detection 2024 VLDB 6.4955135e-05
4,851 Unsupervised Time Series Outlier Detection with Diversity-Driven Convolutional Ensembles 2022 VLDB 6.4803317e-05
4,924 ODIN: Automated Drift Detection and Recovery in Video Analytics 2020 VLDB 6.4429959e-05
5,023 DBPA: A Benchmark for Transactional Database Performance Anomalies 2023 SIGMOD 6.3979497e-05
5,228 Pluto: Sample Selection for Robust Anomaly Detection on Polluted Log Data 2024 SIGMOD 6.3082722e-05
5,405 GORDER: An Efficient Method for KNN Join Processing 2004 VLDB 6.2291247e-05
5,420 ImDiffusion: Imputed Diffusion Models for Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection 2024 VLDB 6.2246363e-05
5,846 Continuously Adaptive Similarity Search 2020 SIGMOD 6.0679671e-05
5,946 Streaming Anomaly Detection Using Randomized Matrix Sketching 2016 VLDB 6.0324341e-05
5,986 AutoTSAD: Unsupervised Holistic Anomaly Detection for Time Series Data 2024 VLDB 6.0183734e-05
6,109 GraphAn: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection 2020 VLDB 5.9730493e-05
6,205 Outlier-robust Clustering using Independent Components 2008 SIGMOD 5.9443504e-05
6,899 Human-in-the-loop Outlier Detection 2020 SIGMOD 5.7431609e-05
7,104 Akane: Perplexity-Guided Time Series Data Cleaning 2024 SIGMOD 5.7020425e-05
7,429 Benchmarking the Utility of w-event Differential Privacy Mechanisms - When Baselines Become Mighty Competitors 2023 VLDB 5.6201416e-05
8,060 A New Distributional Treatment for Time Series and An Anomaly Detection Investigation 2022 VLDB 5.4958827e-05
8,073 Multiple Dynamic Outlier-Detection from a Data Stream by Exploiting Duality of Data and Queries 2021 SIGMOD 5.4932762e-05
8,124 Consistent and Flexible Selectivity Estimation for High-Dimensional Data 2021 SIGMOD 5.4829513e-05
8,230 TOD: GPU-accelerated Outlier Detection via Tensor Operations 2023 VLDB 5.4619615e-05
8,802 Outlier Summarization via Human Interpretable Rules 2024 VLDB 5.3685765e-05
9,382 TAB: Unified Benchmarking of Time Series Anomaly Detection Methods 2025 VLDB 5.2755515e-05
9,575 Local Search Methods for k-Means with Outliers 2017 VLDB 5.2528121e-05
9,830 PCOR: Private Contextual Outlier Release via Differentially Private Search 2021 SIGMOD 5.2125702e-05
9,952 Distance-Based Outlier Detection: Consolidation and Renewed Bearing 2010 VLDB 5.191171e-05
10,256 HYDRA: A Multi-Level Hierarchy-Driven Approach for Robust Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,298 The Power of Anomaly Detection in Predictive Maintenance: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,317 Guardrail: Automated Integrity Constraint Synthesis From Noisy Data 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,324 Outliers: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,429 Analyzing Deviations from Monotonic Trends through Database Repair 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,500 SHoTClean: Bridging Soft and Hard Constraints for Multivariate Time Series Cleaning 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,567 FB*: A Compact Index for Efficient and Exact Density-based Clustering 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
Previous Page 1 / 2 Next

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
31 BIRCH: An Efficient Data Clustering Method for Very Large Databases 1996 SIGMOD 0.00050347119
46 A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces 1998 VLDB 0.00044853085
85 The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data 1996 VLDB 0.00035405879
88 Efficient and Effective Clustering Methods for Spatial Data Mining 1994 VLDB 0.00035240327
291 OPTICS: Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure 1999 SIGMOD 0.00022264197
304 Automatic Subspace Clustering of High Dimensional Data for Data Mining Applications 1998 SIGMOD 0.00021917388
578 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD 0.00016221871
693 Algorithms for Mining Distance-Based Outliers in Large Datasets 1998 VLDB 0.00014918477
1,285 STING: A Statistical Information Grid Approach to Spatial Data Mining 1997 VLDB 0.00011321748
1,941 WaveCluster: A Multi-Resolution Clustering Approach for Very Large Spatial Databases 1998 VLDB 9.4453261e-05
2,660 Finding Intensional Knowledge of Distance-Based Outliers 1999 VLDB 8.2869029e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 578 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD
2 9,634 Fast and Exact Outlier Detection in Metric Spaces: A Proximity Graph-based Approach 2021 SIGMOD
3 2,340 Online Outlier Detection in Sensor Data Using Non-Parametric Models 2006 VLDB
4 8,802 Outlier Summarization via Human Interpretable Rules 2024 VLDB
5 3,958 Continuous Outlier Detection in Data Streams: An Extensible Framework and State-Of-The-Art Algorithms 2013 SIGMOD
6 6,899 Human-in-the-loop Outlier Detection 2020 SIGMOD
7 9,575 Local Search Methods for k-Means with Outliers 2017 VLDB
8 4,209 Outlier Detection for High Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD
9 693 Algorithms for Mining Distance-Based Outliers in Large Datasets 1998 VLDB
10 9,952 Distance-Based Outlier Detection: Consolidation and Renewed Bearing 2010 VLDB