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Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical

Summary: Bao is a bandit-based learned optimizer atop optimizers, offering per-query hints via Thompson sampling and tree-CNNs. Adapts to workload, data, and schema changes, improving end-to-end and tail latency; cloud tests show cost reductions and stronger performance. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
6118
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00018759152
Overall Rank
640 | 95.55%
DOI
10.1145/3448016.3452838

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 119 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
10,288 TATA: An Efficient Framework for Task Transfer in Query Plan Representation 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,491 Intra-Query Runtime Elasticity for Cloud-Native Data Analysis 2025 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,564 PlanRGCN: Predicting SPARQL Query Performance 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,568 QOVIS: Understanding and Diagnosing Query Optimizer via a Visualization-assisted Approach 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,630 Conformal Prediction for Verifiable Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,633 AQETuner: Reliable Query-level Configuration Tuning for Analytical Query Engines 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,726 Improving DBMS Scheduling Decisions with Accurate Performance Prediction on Concurrent Queries 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,751 PAR2QO: Parametric Penalty-Aware Robust Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,772 veDB-HTAP: a Highly Integrated, Efficient and Adaptive HTAP System 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,778 GRewriter: Practical Query Rewriting with Automatic Rule Set Expansion in GaussDB 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,840 Learned Cost Models for Query Optimization: From Batch to Streaming Systems 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,859 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,868 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,880 RankPQO: Learning-to-Rank for Parametric Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,999 Towards Full Stack Adaptivity in Permissioned Blockchains 2024 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,084 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,236 AdaChain: A Learned Adaptive Blockchain 2023 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,318 Can Transfer Learning be used to build a Query Optimizer? 2022 CIDR 4.1945683e-05
11,350 DeepO: A Learned Query Optimizer 2022 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 20 of 20 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040449103
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059038975
102 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049545203
182 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036962631
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
333 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027206884
359 Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2017 CIDR 0.0002592783
758 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.0001706608
801 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016505496
806 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00016434274
884 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.00015654004
910 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423056
1,019 Robust Estimation of Resource Consumption for SQL Queries using Statistical Techniques 2012 VLDB 0.00014625603
1,737 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010720294
1,855 AI Meets AI: Leveraging Query Executions to Improve Index Recommendations 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010315245
2,156 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2018 VLDB 9.4170209e-05
2,307 On Predictive Modeling for Optimizing Transaction Execution in Parallel OLTP Systems 2012 VLDB 9.0599752e-05
2,965 SQLShare: Results from a Multi-Year SQL-as-a-Service Experiment 2016 SIGMOD 7.8059273e-05
4,549 Database-Agnostic Workload Management 2019 CIDR 6.0926728e-05
4,961 Releasing Cloud Databases from the Chains of Performance Prediction Models 2017 CIDR 5.7984657e-05
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