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Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical

Summary: Bao is a bandit-based learned optimizer atop optimizers, offering per-query hints via Thompson sampling and tree-CNNs. Adapts to workload, data, and schema changes, improving end-to-end and tail latency; cloud tests show cost reductions and stronger performance. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
6119
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00018844568
Overall Rank
634 | 95.60%
DOI
10.1145/3448016.3452838

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 20 of 120 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
10,282 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,300 TATA: An Efficient Framework for Task Transfer in Query Plan Representation 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,501 Intra-Query Runtime Elasticity for Cloud-Native Data Analysis 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,573 PlanRGCN: Predicting SPARQL Query Performance 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,577 QOVIS: Understanding and Diagnosing Query Optimizer via a Visualization-assisted Approach 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,638 Conformal Prediction for Verifiable Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,641 AQETuner: Reliable Query-level Configuration Tuning for Analytical Query Engines 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,733 Improving DBMS Scheduling Decisions with Accurate Performance Prediction on Concurrent Queries 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,757 PAR2QO: Parametric Penalty-Aware Robust Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,778 veDB-HTAP: a Highly Integrated, Efficient and Adaptive HTAP System 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,784 GRewriter: Practical Query Rewriting with Automatic Rule Set Expansion in GaussDB 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,844 Learned Cost Models for Query Optimization: From Batch to Streaming Systems 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,863 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,872 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,884 RankPQO: Learning-to-Rank for Parametric Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,002 Towards Full Stack Adaptivity in Permissioned Blockchains 2024 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,087 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,238 AdaChain: A Learned Adaptive Blockchain 2023 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,320 Can Transfer Learning be used to build a Query Optimizer? 2022 CIDR 4.1905499e-05
11,352 DeepO: A Learned Query Optimizer 2022 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 20 of 20 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040465394
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059446482
101 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049778866
181 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036970794
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
329 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027301488
371 Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2017 CIDR 0.00025382677
752 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00017138049
796 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016541749
804 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001643674
876 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.00015660534
905 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423174
1,017 Robust Estimation of Resource Consumption for SQL Queries using Statistical Techniques 2012 VLDB 0.00014627121
1,727 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010731889
1,856 AI Meets AI: Leveraging Query Executions to Improve Index Recommendations 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010319105
2,154 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2018 VLDB 9.4176683e-05
2,309 On Predictive Modeling for Optimizing Transaction Execution in Parallel OLTP Systems 2012 VLDB 9.0630462e-05
2,959 SQLShare: Results from a Multi-Year SQL-as-a-Service Experiment 2016 SIGMOD 7.8116974e-05
4,547 Database-Agnostic Workload Management 2019 CIDR 6.0904384e-05
4,966 Releasing Cloud Databases from the Chains of Performance Prediction Models 2017 CIDR 5.7949047e-05
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