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Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes

Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
5854
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00013481915
Overall Rank
873 | 94.02%
DOI
10.1145/3318464.3380579

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{nathan_sigmod20,
        title = {{Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes}},
        author = {Nathan, Vikram and Ding, Jialin and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '20},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 73 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
447 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018322593
847 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.0001365768
1,135 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00012032847
1,174 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011817414
1,551 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010381398
1,840 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.6404567e-05
1,988 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.3501502e-05
2,620 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.3363963e-05
2,806 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.1013097e-05
2,888 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.9941489e-05
2,910 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9700885e-05
3,035 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 7.8297746e-05
3,152 CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures 2020 SIGMOD 7.7003613e-05
3,729 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.1683974e-05
3,792 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1220982e-05
3,809 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.1074195e-05
4,073 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 6.9242783e-05
4,300 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.773869e-05
4,368 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.7393882e-05
4,414 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.7159984e-05
4,516 The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures 2022 SIGMOD 6.6489359e-05
4,660 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.5797541e-05
4,751 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.5241784e-05
4,780 Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions? 2023 VLDB 6.5118885e-05
4,782 Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure 2020 VLDB 6.5115802e-05
5,107 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.3623786e-05
5,148 LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems 2022 SIGMOD 6.3465986e-05
5,169 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 6.3349035e-05
5,340 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.2603359e-05
5,423 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.2242567e-05
5,447 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 6.2149491e-05
5,974 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 6.0230488e-05
6,076 Self-Organizing Data Containers 2022 CIDR 5.9852895e-05
6,132 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.9660278e-05
6,323 Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems 2024 SIGMOD 5.9141228e-05
6,357 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.9020843e-05
6,459 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.8727182e-05
6,670 Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems 2022 VLDB 5.8074043e-05
6,687 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.8022308e-05
6,874 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.7489487e-05
7,254 LIDER: An Efficient High-dimensional Learned Index for Large-scale Dense Passage Retrieval 2023 VLDB 5.6625991e-05
7,368 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6315363e-05
7,465 Automated Multidimensional Data Layouts in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 5.6108826e-05
7,755 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.5519655e-05
8,039 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.5021992e-05
8,048 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.5003171e-05
8,200 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 5.4677285e-05
8,234 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 5.460955e-05
8,323 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 5.4539294e-05
8,791 HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle 2022 SIGMOD 5.3717005e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
12 C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS 2005 VLDB 0.00069513174
43 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046060254
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00040060625
156 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028636811
186 The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later 2012 VLDB 0.00026182534
259 Database Cracking 2007 CIDR 0.00023119313
447 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018322593
461 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00018068441
568 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.0001641553
648 Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure 2001 SIGMOD 0.00015324657
1,071 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012322342
1,170 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011827259
1,616 The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models 2018 SIGMOD 0.00010213691
1,679 Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores 2009 SIGMOD 0.00010029136
2,155 Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel 2000 VLDB 9.0713545e-05
2,213 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.9410226e-05
2,302 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.7808696e-05
2,378 The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking 2014 VLDB 8.6682285e-05
5,183 Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes 1988 SIGMOD 6.3286498e-05
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