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LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer

Summary: LEO, DB2's LEarning Optimizer, uses a feedback loop to repair cardinality estimates by comparing forecasts with actuals at each QEP step. Online or offline, incremental or batched, it updates costs and statistics across operators (joins, DISTINCT, GROUP BY) with low overhead and large potential gains. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
8917
Venue
VLDB
Year
2001
Pagerank
0.00034385207
Overall Rank
100 | 99.32%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{stillger_vldb01,
        title = {{LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer}},
        author = {Stillger, Michael and Lohman, Guy and Markl, Volker and Kandil, Mokhtar},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '01},
        year = {2001}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 122 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,506 Identifying Robust Plans through Plan Diagram Reduction 2008 VLDB 7.3581509e-05
3,524 Lazy, Adaptive RID-List Intersection, and Its Application to Index Anding 2007 SIGMOD 7.3448437e-05
3,555 Apache Hive: From MapReduce to Enterprise-grade Big Data Warehousing 2019 SIGMOD 7.3115321e-05
3,571 Looking Ahead Makes Query Plans Robust: Making the Initial Case with In-Memory Star Schema Data Warehouse Workloads 2017 VLDB 7.2991953e-05
3,586 Make Your Database System Dream of Electric Sheep: Towards Self-Driving Operation 2021 VLDB 7.2834069e-05
3,605 Computation Reuse in Analytics Job Service at Microsoft 2018 SIGMOD 7.2640711e-05
3,769 Proving Query Equivalence Using Linear Integer Arithmetic 2023 SIGMOD 7.1403543e-05
3,988 Adaptive Query Processing in the Looking Glass 2005 CIDR 6.9720123e-05
4,197 Buffer Pool Aware Query Optimization 2005 CIDR 6.8406917e-05
4,198 Primitives for Workload Summarization and Implications for SQL 2003 VLDB 6.8397659e-05
4,277 Adaptive Statistics in Oracle 12c 2017 VLDB 6.7873816e-05
4,349 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.7504619e-05
4,375 FiGO: Fine-Grained Query Optimization in Video Analytics 2022 SIGMOD 6.7369552e-05
4,383 Content-Based Routing: Different Plans for Different Data 2005 VLDB 6.7329787e-05
4,444 Xplus: A SQL-Tuning-Aware Query Optimizer 2010 VLDB 6.6999439e-05
4,591 Automated Statistics Collection in DB2 UDB 2004 VLDB 6.614318e-05
4,616 On the Production of Anorexic Plan Diagrams 2007 VLDB 6.6048588e-05
4,671 PreQR: Pre-training Representation for SQL Understanding 2022 SIGMOD 6.5732787e-05
4,742 Continuous Cloud-Scale Query Optimization and Processing 2013 VLDB 6.5269203e-05
4,790 A Characterization of the Sensitivity of Query Optimization to Storage Access Cost Parameters 2003 SIGMOD 6.5068083e-05
4,945 Lightweight Cardinality Estimation in LSM-based Systems 2018 SIGMOD 6.4321265e-05
5,000 Permutable Compiled Queries: Dynamically Adapting Compiled Queries without Recompiling 2021 VLDB 6.4069917e-05
5,148 LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems 2022 SIGMOD 6.3465986e-05
5,277 FASTgres: Making Learned Query Optimizer Hinting Effective 2023 VLDB 6.2859099e-05
5,287 PREDIcT: Towards Predicting the Runtime of Large Scale Iterative Analytics 2013 VLDB 6.2815429e-05
5,365 A Pay-As-You-Go Framework for Query Execution Feedback 2008 VLDB 6.2462467e-05
5,435 Exploring Change – A New Dimension of Data Analytics 2019 VLDB 6.2207492e-05
5,514 StatAdvisor: Recommending Statistical Views 2009 VLDB 6.1901666e-05
5,659 POP/FED: Progressive Query Optimization for Federated Queries in DB2 2006 VLDB 6.1311315e-05
5,829 Inspector Joins 2005 VLDB 6.073697e-05
5,860 Understanding Cardinality Estimation using Entropy Maximization 2010 PODS 6.0636893e-05
5,898 On the Stability of Plan Costs and the Costs of Plan Stability 2010 VLDB 6.0471908e-05
5,974 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 6.0230488e-05
5,983 Adaptive and Robust Query Execution for Lakehouses at Scale 2024 VLDB 6.0206841e-05
6,024 Expand your Training Limits! Generating Training Data for ML-based Data Management 2021 SIGMOD 6.0031118e-05
6,138 Operator and Query Progress Estimation in Microsoft SQL Server Live Query Statistics 2016 SIGMOD 5.9640712e-05
6,349 Grizzly: Efficient Stream Processing Through Adaptive Query Compilation 2020 SIGMOD 5.9049304e-05
6,462 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 5.8717744e-05
6,543 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 5.8461929e-05
7,103 Efficient Adaptive Detection of Complex Event Patterns 2018 VLDB 5.7023779e-05
7,193 dbET: Execution Time Distribution-based Plan Selection 2023 SIGMOD 5.6770249e-05
7,366 Non-Invasive Progressive Optimization for In-Memory Databases 2016 VLDB 5.6322753e-05
7,495 On the Calculation of Optimality Ranges for Relational Query Execution Plans 2018 SIGMOD 5.6041473e-05
7,554 Consistent Histograms In The Presence of Distinct Value Counts 2009 VLDB 5.6001388e-05
7,655 Plan Stitch: Harnessing the Best of Many Plans 2018 VLDB 5.5741093e-05
7,967 Thrifty Query Execution via Incrementability 2020 SIGMOD 5.5169373e-05
8,125 Learning Table Access Cardinalities with LEO 2002 SIGMOD 5.4829273e-05
8,490 FusionInsight LibrA: Huawei’s Enterprise Cloud Data Analytics Platform 2018 VLDB 5.4152314e-05
8,494 POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance 2024 VLDB 5.4142129e-05
8,572 T3: Accurate and Fast Performance Prediction for Relational Database Systems With Compiled Decision Trees 2025 SIGMOD 5.4102362e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

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