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Strong consistency is not hard to get: Two-Phase Locking and Two-Phase Commit on Thousands of Cores

Summary: An RDMA-based implementation demonstrates that unoptimized strict 2PL/2PC scales to thousands of cores and hundreds of machines, exceeding 21M TPC-C tx/s. The results challenge the assumption that strong consistency inherently limits scalability. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
hf99e654df80020a6
Venue
VLDB
Year
2019
Pagerank
6.609914e-05
Overall Rank
4,414 | 70.33%
DOI
10.14778/3358701.3358702

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{barthels_vldb19,
        title = {{Strong consistency is not hard to get: Two-Phase Locking and Two-Phase Commit on Thousands of Cores}},
        author = {Barthels, Claude and Müller, Ingo and Taranov, Konstantin and Alonso, Gustavo and Hoefler, Torsten},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '19},
        volume = {12},
        number = {13},
        pages = {2325--2338},
        doi = {10.14778/3358701.3358702},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3358701.3358702},
        year = {2019}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 14 of 14 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,227 Farview: Disaggregated Memory with Operator Off-loading for Database Engines 2022 CIDR 7.5083649e-05
4,296 Redy: Remote Dynamic Memory Cache 2022 VLDB 6.6805238e-05
4,943 CXL and the Return of Scale-Up Database Engines 2024 VLDB 6.3442191e-05
7,451 Modularis: Modular Relational Analytics over Heterogeneous Distributed Platforms 2021 VLDB 5.5236802e-05
7,749 Efficient Distributed Transaction Processing in Heterogeneous Networks 2023 VLDB 5.4598119e-05
7,829 TDSQL: Tencent Distributed Database System 2024 VLDB 5.4438901e-05
9,295 A Hybrid Approach to Integrating Deterministic and Non-deterministic Concurrency Control in Database Systems 2025 VLDB 5.1992306e-05
9,606 TxnSails: Achieving Serializable Transaction Scheduling with Self-Adaptive Isolation Level Selection 2025 VLDB 5.1531256e-05
9,714 OceanBase Paetica: A Hybrid Shared-nothing/Shared-everything Database for Supporting Single Machine and Distributed Cluster 2023 VLDB 5.1369935e-05
10,224 Modeling Concurrency Control as a Learnable Function 2026 SIGMOD 5.0571508e-05
10,259 From Scale-Up to Scale-Out: PolarDB’s Journey to Achieving 2 Billion tpmC 2025 VLDB 5.050482e-05
10,934 A Tree-Structured Two-Phase Commit Framework for OceanBase: Optimizing Scalability and Consistency 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,134 TXSQL: Lock Optimizations Towards High Contented Workloads 2025 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
11,223 Dandelion: Smaller Clusters, Bigger Speeds—Distributed Transactions Redefined 2025 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 15 of 15 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
55 Calvin: Fast Distributed Transactions for Partitioned Database Systems 2012 SIGMOD 0.00040471598
80 H-Store: A High-Performance, Distributed Main Memory Transaction Processing System 2008 VLDB 0.00036364464
445 Staring into the Abyss: An Evaluation of Concurrency Control with One Thousand Cores 2015 VLDB 0.00018176701
889 Rack-Scale In-Memory Join Processing using RDMA 2015 SIGMOD 0.00013247362
1,028 High-Speed Query Processing over High-Speed Networks 2016 VLDB 0.00012422084
1,241 BatchDB: Efficient Isolated Execution of Hybrid OLTP+OLAP Workloads for Interactive Applications 2017 SIGMOD 0.00011378254
1,339 The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale 2017 VLDB 0.00010975458
1,366 Designing Distributed Tree-based Index Structures for Fast RDMA-capable Networks 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010912114
1,943 An Evaluation of Distributed Concurrency Control 2017 VLDB 9.3283112e-05
2,802 Distributed Join Algorithms on Thousands of Cores 2017 VLDB 7.9903139e-05
2,879 Distributed Lock Management with RDMA: Decentralization without Starvation 2018 SIGMOD 7.9150972e-05
3,270 Rethinking Database High Availability with RDMA Networks 2019 VLDB 7.475162e-05
4,048 Fast Scans on Key-Value Stores 2017 VLDB 6.8304396e-05
6,534 DPI: The Data Processing Interface for Modern Networks 2019 CIDR 5.7541988e-05
12,652 SwissBox: An Architecture for Data Processing Appliances 2011 CIDR 4.9793485e-05
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