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From Scale-Up to Scale-Out: PolarDB’s Journey to Achieving 2 Billion tpmC

Summary: PolarDB’s eight-year evolution couples many-core scale-up with RDMA-optimized scale-out, including redesigned B+ trees and distributed transactions. Scaling to 2,340 nodes, it achieves 2B+ tpmC with 0.16% jitter and substantially lower cost per tpmC. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
hae941c255b545f4e
Venue
VLDB
Year
2025
Pagerank
5.031399e-05
Overall Rank
10,293 | 31.01%
DOI
10.14778/3750601.3750627
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{yang_vldb25,
        title = {{From Scale-Up to Scale-Out: PolarDB’s Journey to Achieving 2 Billion tpmC}},
        author = {Yang, Xinjun and Li, Feifei and Zhang, Yingqiang and Chen, Hao and Hu, Qingda and Zhou, Panfeng and Zhang, Qiang and Li, Shuai and Chen, Zongzhi and Miao, Zheyu and Xie, Rongbiao and Sun, Chuan and Wei, Zetao and Fang, Jing and Zhou, Xingxuan and Wu, Xiaofei},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '25},
        volume = {18},
        number = {12},
        pages = {5059--5072},
        doi = {10.14778/3750601.3750627},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3750601.3750627},
        year = {2025}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
10,693 Beluga: A CXL-Based Memory Architecture for Scalable and Efficient LLM KVCache Management 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,017 Salesforce Database: A Cloud-Native Multi-Tenant OLTP Database 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 33 of 33 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
54 Calvin: Fast Distributed Transactions for Partitioned Database Systems 2012 SIGMOD 0.00040489652
63 Amazon Aurora: Design Considerations for High Throughput Cloud-Native Relational Databases 2017 SIGMOD 0.00038609177
186 CockroachDB: The Resilient Geo-Distributed SQL Database 2020 SIGMOD 0.00026001543
221 ARIES/KVL: A Key-Value Locking Method for Concurrency Control of Multiaction Transactions Operating on B-Tree Indexes 1990 VLDB 0.0002420049
232 TiDB: A Raft-based HTAP Database 2020 VLDB 0.00023776373
497 Nonblocking Commit Protocols 1981 SIGMOD 0.0001734409
543 Socrates: The New SQL Server in the Cloud 2019 SIGMOD 0.00016588324
632 Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory 2015 VLDB 0.00015366735
928 The End of Slow Networks: It's Time for a Redesign 2016 VLDB 0.00013012601
985 ARIES/IM: An Efficient and High Concurrency Index Management Method Using Write-Ahead Logging 1992 SIGMOD 0.00012661135
1,221 PolarFS: An Ultra-low Latency and Failure Resilient Distributed File System for Shared Storage Cloud Database 2018 VLDB 0.00011449953
1,315 PolarDB Serverless: A Cloud Native Database for Disaggregated Data Centers 2021 SIGMOD 0.00011047549
1,349 The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale 2017 VLDB 0.00010940559
1,370 Designing Distributed Tree-based Index Structures for Fast RDMA-capable Networks 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010875068
1,509 Cloud-Native Database Systems at Alibaba: Opportunities and Challenges 2019 VLDB 0.00010415166
1,517 Automatically Indexing Millions of Databases in Microsoft Azure SQL Database 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010385462
1,585 On the Design and Scalability of Distributed Shared-Data Databases 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010136077
1,710 SLOG: Serializable, Low-latency, Geo-replicated Transactions 2019 VLDB 9.797642e-05
1,974 Sherman: A Write-Optimized Distributed B+Tree Index on Disaggregated Memory 2022 SIGMOD 9.2725837e-05
2,654 Towards Cost-Effective and Elastic Cloud Database Deployment via Memory Disaggregation 2021 VLDB 8.1466759e-05
2,824 OceanBase: A 707 Million tpmC Distributed Relational Database System 2022 VLDB 7.9511637e-05
3,686 Fast General Distributed Transactions with Opacity 2019 SIGMOD 7.0805751e-05
3,802 B+-tree Index Optimization by Exploiting Internal Parallelism of Flash-based Solid State Drives 2012 VLDB 6.9914085e-05
4,412 Design Guidelines for Correct, Efficient, and Scalable Synchronization using One-Sided RDMA 2023 SIGMOD 6.5988566e-05
4,431 Strong consistency is not hard to get: Two-Phase Locking and Two-Phase Commit on Thousands of Cores 2019 VLDB 6.5871432e-05
5,208 PolarDB-MP: A Multi-Primary Cloud-Native Database via Disaggregated Shared Memory 2024 SIGMOD 6.215627e-05
5,382 Taurus MM: bringing multi-master to the cloud 2023 VLDB 6.138171e-05
5,965 DEX: Scalable Range Indexing on Disaggregated Memory 2024 VLDB 5.9144433e-05
6,080 NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems 2022 VLDB 5.8759147e-05
6,612 GaussDB: A Cloud-Native Multi-Primary Database with Compute-Memory-Storage Disaggregation 2024 VLDB 5.7175793e-05
7,368 PolarDB-SCC: A Cloud-Native Database Ensuring Low Latency for Strongly Consistent Reads 2023 VLDB 5.526328e-05
7,535 Epoxy: ACID Transactions Across Diverse Data Stores 2023 VLDB 5.4846682e-05
7,850 TDSQL: Tencent Distributed Database System 2024 VLDB 5.4233206e-05
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