Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes

Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5854
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2020
Pagerank: 0.00013481915
Overall Rank: 873 | 94.02%
DOI: 10.1145/3318464.3380579

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Vikram Nathan (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
2. Jialin Ding (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
3. Mohammad Alizadeh (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
4. Tim Kraska (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{nathan_sigmod20,
        title = {{Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes}},
        author = {Nathan, Vikram and Ding, Jialin and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '20},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 23 of 73 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
8,854	Towards Foundation Database Models	2025	CIDR	5.357608e-05
9,203	RawVis: A System for Efficient In-situ Visual Analytics	2021	SIGMOD	5.3058708e-05
9,377	LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters	2025	SIGMOD	5.2755515e-05
9,411	Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs	2024	SIGMOD	5.274743e-05
9,587	Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis	2024	SIGMOD	5.2525104e-05
9,739	Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System	2022	VLDB	5.227679e-05
9,881	The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format	2024	SIGMOD	5.2040783e-05
9,887	Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent	2023	VLDB	5.2006273e-05
9,892	Accelerating Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Hierarchical Graphs: Efficient Level Navigation with Shortcuts	2025	VLDB	5.1997534e-05
9,974	PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy	2023	SIGMOD	5.1845938e-05
9,998	SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index	2024	SIGMOD	5.1814573e-05
10,066	Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes	2023	VLDB	5.1643809e-05
10,196	Are Learned DBMS Components Robust to Workload Drift?: [Experiments & Analysis]	2026	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,262	LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree	2026	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,267	Mathematical Foundations of Poisoning Attacks on Linear Regression over Cumulative Distribution Functions	2026	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,469	LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces	2026	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,569	Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking	2026	VLDB	5.093636e-05
10,610	A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries	2026	VLDB	5.093636e-05
10,672	Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve	2025	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,984	Benchmarking Adaptive Multidimensional Indices	2025	VLDB	5.093636e-05
11,193	BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data	2024	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
11,475	Route Travel Time Estimation on A Road Network Revisited: Heterogeneity, Proximity, Periodicity and Dynamicity	2023	VLDB	5.093636e-05
11,702	LES3: Learning-based Exact Set Similarity Search	2021	VLDB	5.093636e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
12	C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS	2005	VLDB	0.00069513174
43	The Case for Learned Index Structures	2018	SIGMOD	0.00046060254
59	Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases	1976	SIGMOD	0.00040060625
156	An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server	1997	VLDB	0.00028636811
186	The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later	2012	VLDB	0.00026182534
259	Database Cracking	2007	CIDR	0.00023119313
447	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00018322593
461	Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems	2018	SIGMOD	0.00018068441
568	SageDB: A Learned Database System	2019	CIDR	0.0001641553
648	Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure	2001	SIGMOD	0.00015324657
1,071	Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions	2011	VLDB	0.00012322342
1,170	QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011827259
1,616	The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models	2018	SIGMOD	0.00010213691
1,679	Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores	2009	SIGMOD	0.00010029136
2,155	Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel	2000	VLDB	9.0713545e-05
2,213	Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations	2019	SIGMOD	8.9410226e-05
2,302	Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies	2009	VLDB	8.7808696e-05
2,378	The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking	2014	VLDB	8.6682285e-05
5,183	Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes	1988	SIGMOD	6.3286498e-05

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