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Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?

Summary: First comprehensive empirical evaluation of updatable learned indexes across ten real datasets and varied workloads. Compared with traditional indexes under changing distributions and concurrency, it yields deployment guidance and design takeaways. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12971
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
8.1013097e-05
Overall Rank
2,806 | 80.75%
DOI
10.14778/3551793.3551848

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{wongkham_vldb22,
        title = {{Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?}},
        author = {Wongkham, Chaichon and Lu, Baotong and Liu, Chris and Zhong, Zhicong and Lo, Eric and Wang, Tianzheng},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {11},
        pages = {3004--3017},
        doi = {10.14778/3551793.3551848},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3551793.3551848},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 24 of 24 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,792 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1220982e-05
4,065 LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations 2024 SIGMOD 6.930275e-05
4,300 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.773869e-05
5,423 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.2242567e-05
6,687 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.8022308e-05
6,874 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.7489487e-05
7,224 LITS: An Optimized Learned Index for Strings 2024 VLDB 5.6675134e-05
7,392 Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction 2024 SIGMOD 5.6265456e-05
8,039 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.5021992e-05
8,234 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 5.460955e-05
8,709 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 5.3789739e-05
8,988 Towards Systematic Index Dynamization 2024 VLDB 5.3384135e-05
9,411 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.274743e-05
9,599 Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.2492748e-05
10,261 LICO: An SIMD-Aware High-Performance Learned Inverted Index Compression Framework 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,262 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,272 NeurBench: A Benchmark Suite for Learned Database Components with Drift Modeling: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,277 On Self-Designing Learned Indexes 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,378 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,461 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,569 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,617 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,682 VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,955 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 29 of 29 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
43 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046060254
154 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00028726181
156 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028636811
378 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00019638121
447 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018322593
477 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017851226
790 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.0001401445
847 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.0001365768
873 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013481915
882 HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001342403
964 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012934147
1,135 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00012032847
1,174 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011817414
1,315 Fast Updates on Read-Optimized Databases Using Multi-Core CPUs 2012 VLDB 0.00011181796
1,390 Building a Bw-Tree Takes More Than Just Buzz Words 2018 SIGMOD 0.00010942775
1,418 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010835539
1,481 Magic mirror in my hand, which is the best in the land? An Experimental Evaluation of Index Selection Algorithms 2020 VLDB 0.00010644613
1,551 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010381398
1,840 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.6404567e-05
2,078 Query Optimization in Microsoft SQL Server PDW 2012 SIGMOD 9.2078209e-05
2,233 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 8.8968964e-05
2,707 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.2279594e-05
2,910 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9700885e-05
4,416 Query Optimization in Oracle 12c Database In-Memory 2015 VLDB 6.7150543e-05
4,660 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.5797541e-05
4,888 Enabling Low Tail Latency on Multicore Key-Value Stores 2020 VLDB 6.4609843e-05
5,686 OLTPShare: The Case for Sharing in OLTP Workloads 2018 VLDB 6.1220514e-05
5,823 HydraList: A Scalable In-Memory Index Using Asynchronous Updates and Partial Replication 2020 VLDB 6.0752299e-05
6,163 A Critical Analysis of Recursive Model Indexes 2022 VLDB 5.9532723e-05
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