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PLM4NDV: Minimizing Data Access for Number of Distinct Values Estimation with Pre-trained Language Models

Summary: Leverages semantic schema via pre-trained language models to estimate the number of distinct values (NDV) with reduced data access. PLM4NDV fuses target-column and table semantics to lower access costs, can operate with no data access, and outperforms baselines on large real-world datasets. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
7317
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2025
Pagerank
5.093636e-05
Overall Rank
10,774 | 26.09%
DOI
10.1145/3725336

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Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{xu_sigmod25,
        title = {{PLM4NDV: Minimizing Data Access for Number of Distinct Values Estimation with Pre-trained Language Models}},
        author = {Xu, Xianghong and He, Xiao and Zhang, Tieying and Zhang, Lei and Shi, Rui and Chen, Jianjun},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '25},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3725336},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3725336},
        year = {2025}
}

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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 26 of 26 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0024089429
75 Sampling-Based Estimation of the Number of Distinct Values of an Attribute 1995 VLDB 0.00037277061
141 Deep Entity Matching with Pre-Trained Language Models 2021 VLDB 0.0002964847
279 Text-to-SQL Empowered by Large Language Models: A Benchmark Evaluation 2024 VLDB 0.00022468369
288 Towards Estimation Error Guarantees for Distinct Values 2000 PODS 0.00022296371
388 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00019410042
397 TURL: Table Understanding through Representation Learning 2021 VLDB 0.00019278189
508 Random Sampling for Histogram Construction: How much is enough? 1998 SIGMOD 0.00017275873
689 On Synopses for Distinct-Value Estimation Under Multiset Operations 2007 SIGMOD 0.00014940023
1,516 Cardinality Estimation: An Experimental Survey 2018 VLDB 0.00010520885
1,806 Effective Use of Block-Level Sampling in Statistics Estimation 2004 SIGMOD 9.7112151e-05
1,920 D-Bot: Database Diagnosis System using Large Language Models 2024 VLDB 9.4846185e-05
1,923 Annotating Columns with Pre-trained Language Models 2022 SIGMOD 9.4789109e-05
2,748 Few-shot Text-to-SQL Translation using Structure and Content Prompt Learning 2023 SIGMOD 8.1707811e-05
2,790 GitTables: A Large-Scale Corpus of Relational Tables 2023 SIGMOD 8.1200509e-05
4,349 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.7504619e-05
4,363 GenRewrite: Query Rewriting via Large Language Models 2026 SIGMOD 6.7423909e-05
4,643 Learned Index Benefits: Machine Learning Based Index Performance Estimation 2022 VLDB 6.5907466e-05
6,920 UltraLogLog: A Practical and More Space-Efficient Alternative to HyperLogLog for Approximate Distinct Counting 2024 VLDB 5.7390922e-05
7,076 Refactoring Index Tuning Process with Benefit Estimation 2024 VLDB 5.7098893e-05
7,290 Learning to be a Statistician: Learned Estimator for Number of Distinct Values 2022 VLDB 5.6540503e-05
8,161 LAQy: Efficient and Reusable Query Approximations via Lazy Sampling 2023 SIGMOD 5.4752972e-05
8,692 FormaT5: Abstention and Examples for Conditional Table Formatting with Natural Language 2024 VLDB 5.3838716e-05
8,849 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.3577504e-05
8,850 Learning-based Property Estimation with Polynomials 2024 SIGMOD 5.3577504e-05
10,806 AdaNDV: Adaptive Number of Distinct Value Estimation via Learning to Select and Fuse Estimators 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
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