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M-tree: An Efficient Access Method for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces

Summary: Introduces the balanced M-tree, a disk-based index for generic metric spaces using only distance functions satisfying the metric axioms. Supports range and k-NN search, with experiments showing scalability and practical performance beyond vector-space indexing. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h55aa6aa8458741b6
Venue
VLDB
Year
1997
Pagerank
0.0004024707
Overall Rank
56 | 99.63%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{ciaccia_vldb97,
        title = {{M-tree: An Efficient Access Method for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces}},
        author = {Ciaccia, Paolo and Patella, Marco and Zezula, Pavel},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '97},
        pages = {426--435},
        year = {1997}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 99 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
45 A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces 1998 VLDB 0.00044967652
162 Robust and Efficient Fuzzy Match for Online Data Cleaning 2003 SIGMOD 0.00027626077
300 OPTICS: Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure 1999 SIGMOD 0.00021743411
307 On The Marriage of Lp-norms and Edit Distance 2004 VLDB 0.00021496009
650 HD-Index: Pushing the Scalability-Accuracy Boundary for Approximate kNN Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2018 VLDB 0.00015142453
681 Voronoi-Based K Nearest Neighbor Search for Spatial Network Databases 2004 VLDB 0.00014792999
802 RaBitQ: Quantizing High-Dimensional Vectors with a Theoretical Error Bound for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 0.00013822222
828 Optimal Multi-Step k-Nearest Neighbor Search 1998 SIGMOD 0.00013588099
1,445 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010607118
1,482 Distance-based Outlier Detection in Data Streams 2016 VLDB 0.00010501175
1,601 High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: with Reliable and Efficient Distance Comparison Operations 2023 SIGMOD 0.00010092977
1,618 Towards Efficient Index Construction and Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2023 VLDB 0.00010045437
1,948 Incremental Clustering for Mining in a Data Warehousing Environment 1998 VLDB 9.30382e-05
2,035 Distributed Trajectory Similarity Search 2017 VLDB 9.1372983e-05
2,080 A Cost Model for Similarity Queries in Metric Spaces 1998 PODS 9.058838e-05
2,235 String Similarity Joins: An Experimental Evaluation 2014 VLDB 8.7832223e-05
2,268 ELPIS: Graph-Based Similarity Search for Scalable Data Science 2023 VLDB 8.7144632e-05
2,426 DeltaPQ: Lossless Product Quantization Code Compression for High Dimensional Similarity Search 2020 VLDB 8.4692316e-05
2,536 STRG-Index: Spatio-Temporal Region Graph Indexing for Large Video Databases 2005 SIGMOD 8.3085868e-05
2,553 NETS: Extremely Fast Outlier Detection from a Data Stream via Set-Based Processing 2019 VLDB 8.2846548e-05
2,566 Answering Top-k Queries Using Views 2006 VLDB 8.2679821e-05
2,693 Identifying Similarities, Periodicities and Bursts for Online Search Queries 2004 SIGMOD 8.1107645e-05
2,728 iRangeGraph: Improvising Range-dedicated Graphs for Range-filtering Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 8.0686023e-05
2,733 Return of the Lernaean Hydra: Experimental Evaluation of Data Series Approximate Similarity Search 2020 VLDB 8.0653682e-05
2,757 Approximate XML Joins 2002 SIGMOD 8.0313227e-05
2,836 Practical and Asymptotically Optimal Quantization of High-Dimensional Vectors in Euclidean Space for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 7.9410774e-05
2,879 The Lernaean Hydra of Data Series Similarity Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State of the Art 2019 VLDB 7.8951769e-05
2,920 Real-Time Distance-Based Outlier Detection in Data Streams 2021 VLDB 7.8477923e-05
3,025 Indexing the Distance: An Efficient Method to KNN Processing 2001 VLDB 7.7214661e-05
3,244 Similarity Query Processing for High-Dimensional Data 2020 VLDB 7.479122e-05
3,270 Efficient Exact Edit Similarity Query Processing with the Asymmetric Signature Scheme 2011 SIGMOD 7.4613275e-05
3,389 SymphonyQG: Towards Symphonious Integration of Quantization and Graph for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 7.329962e-05
3,629 TASTI: Semantic Indexes for Machine Learning-based Queries over Unstructured Data 2022 SIGMOD 7.1286458e-05
3,784 Efficient Reverse k-Nearest Neighbor Search in Arbitrary Metric Spaces 2006 SIGMOD 7.0012942e-05
3,920 FALCON: Feedback Adaptive Loop for Content-Based Retrieval 2000 VLDB 6.906071e-05
3,950 Continuous Outlier Detection in Data Streams: An Extensible Framework and State-Of-The-Art Algorithms 2013 SIGMOD 6.888581e-05
4,105 Learning User Preferences By Adaptive Pairwise Comparison 2015 VLDB 6.7918403e-05
4,171 Inter-Media Hashing for Large-scale Retrieval from Heterogeneous Data Sources 2013 SIGMOD 6.7511262e-05
4,391 An Evaluation of Generic Bulk Loading Techniques 2001 VLDB 6.6093384e-05
4,643 Pivot-based Metric Indexing 2017 VLDB 6.4734189e-05
5,035 Fast Large-Scale Trajectory Clustering 2020 VLDB 6.2909656e-05
5,188 FeedbackBypass: A New Approach to Interactive Similarity Query Processing 2001 VLDB 6.2228139e-05
5,264 Top-k Nearest Neighbor Search In Uncertain Data Series 2015 VLDB 6.1929831e-05
5,292 Online Event-driven Subsequence Matching over Financial Data Streams 2004 SIGMOD 6.1783225e-05
5,335 Hercules Against Data Series Similarity Search 2022 VLDB 6.1613957e-05
5,432 GTS: GPU-based Tree Index for Fast Similarity Search 2024 SIGMOD 6.1176015e-05
5,467 Pigeonring: A Principle for Faster Thresholded Similarity Search 2019 VLDB 6.1037173e-05
5,526 DET-LSH: A Locality-Sensitive Hashing Scheme with Dynamic Encoding Tree for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 VLDB 6.0804398e-05
6,076 High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search: From Time Series to Deep Network Embeddings 2020 SIGMOD 5.8774917e-05
6,256 Efficient Data-aware Distance Comparison Operations for High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 5.8162066e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 10 of 10 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0019892478
4 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD 0.0011386412
28 Nearest Neighbor Queries 1995 SIGMOD 0.00051134355
42 Fast Subsequence Matching in Time-Series Databases 1994 SIGMOD 0.00045609336
90 The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data 1996 VLDB 0.00034749222
210 Generalized Search Trees for Database Systems (Extended Abstract) 1995 VLDB 0.00024910589
490 FastMap: A Fast Algorithm for Indexing, Data-Mining and Visualization of Traditional and Multimedia Datasets 1995 SIGMOD 0.00017397036
598 Distance-Based Indexing For High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 1997 SIGMOD 0.00015711108
803 Near Neighbor Search in Large Metric Spaces 1995 VLDB 0.00013799572
1,413 Content-Based Image Indexing 1994 VLDB 0.0001071149
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Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 7,110 Indexing for Subtree Similarity-Search using Edit Distance 2013 SIGMOD
2 2,404 Multidimensional Access Methods: Trees Have Grown Everywhere 1997 VLDB
3 8,592 Similarity Search for Adaptive Ellipsoid Queries Using Spatial Transformation 2001 VLDB
4 10,728 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD
5 1,805 The A-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Spaces Using Relative Approximation 2000 VLDB
6 3,118 Similarity Evaluation on Tree-structured Data 2005 SIGMOD
7 9,434 Adaptive Indexing in High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 2023 VLDB
8 803 Near Neighbor Search in Large Metric Spaces 1995 VLDB
9 598 Distance-Based Indexing For High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 1997 SIGMOD
10 2,080 A Cost Model for Similarity Queries in Metric Spaces 1998 PODS