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A Comprehensive Survey and Experimental Comparison of Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search

Summary: Systematically taxonomizes and benchmarks 13 graph-based ANNS algorithms across 20 real and synthetic datasets using a unified, fine-grained pipeline. Reveals component-level tradeoffs, practitioner guidelines, and an optimized method that surpasses prior state of the art. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h83962197cd936477
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.0002067515
Overall Rank
335 | 97.76%
DOI
10.14778/3476249.3476255
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{wang_vldb21,
        title = {{A Comprehensive Survey and Experimental Comparison of Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search}},
        author = {Wang, Mengzhao and Xu, Xiaoliang and Yue, Qiang and Wang, Yuxiang},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '21},
        volume = {14},
        number = {11},
        pages = {1964--1978},
        doi = {10.14778/3476249.3476255},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3476249.3476255},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 34 of 84 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
10,359 Fast-Convergent Proximity Graphs for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0156513e-05
10,396 Exploiting Structural Properties for Efficient Constraint-Aware HNSW Hyperparameter Tuning 2027 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,473 Proximity Graphs for Similarity Search: Fast Construction, Lower Bounds, and Euclidean Separation 2026 PODS 4.9605343e-05
10,495 Balancing Global and Local: Representative Sampling for Large-Scale Vector Data 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,521 Efficient Index Layout and Search Strategy for Large-scale High-dimensional Vector Similarity Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,526 Enhancing Graph-based Approximate Maximum Inner Product Search via Norm-Adaptive Partitioning 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,534 FAVOR: Efficient Filter-Agnostic Vector ANNS Based on Selectivity-Aware Exclusion Distances 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,546 HYDRA: A Multi-Level Hierarchy-Driven Approach for Robust Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,586 TaCo: Data-adaptive and Query-aware Subspace Collision for High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,588 Through the Lens of Hubness: A Revisit on Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,616 Accelerating High-Dimensional ANN Search via Skipping Redundant Distance Computations 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,623 Beyond Vector Search: Querying With and Without Predicates 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,637 Efficient Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search via Hemi-Sphere Centroids Graph 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,655 NeurStore: Efficient In-database Deep Learning Model Management System 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,696 CANDOR-Bench: Benchmarking In-Memory Continuous ANNS under Dynamic Open-World Streams [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,707 Efficient and Robust Out-Of-Distribution Vector Similarity Search with Cross-Distribution Monotonic Graph 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,714 FGIM: a Fast Graph-based Indexes Merging Framework for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,752 Reveal Hidden Pitfalls and Navigate Next Generation of Vector Similarity Search from Task-Centric Views: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,768 SVFusion: A CPU-GPU Co-Processing Architecture for Large-Scale Real-Time Vector Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,780 Quantization Meets Projection: A Happy Marriage for Approximate k-Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,797 I/O Optimizations for Graph-Based Disk-Resident Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: A Design Space Exploration 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,816 Balancing the Blend: An Experimental Analysis of Trade-offs in Hybrid Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,824 An Experimental Evaluation of Hybrid Querying on Vectors 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,886 CRAFT: Corpus Relatedness Analysis Using Fourier Transforms 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,900 RNSG: A Range-Aware Graph Index for Efficient Range-Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,921 GAS: A Lightweight Framework for Filtered Search over Wide-table Vectors 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,938 CONDA: A Connectivity-Aware Dynamic Index for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search over Evolving Data 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,944 BBC: Improving Large-k Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with a Bucket-based Result Collector 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,958 CGIF: Combining Proximity Graphs and Inverted Files for Efficient Filtered Vector Search over Arbitrary Predicates 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,970 ANNiE: A Learned Query Cost Estimator for Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,983 RED-ANNS: An RDMA-Enabled Distributed Framework for Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,098 Advances of Query Processing in Vector Databases 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,118 Elastic Index Selection for Label-Hybrid AKNN Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,245 Approximating Opaque Top-k Queries 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 9 of 9 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
45 A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces 1998 VLDB 0.00044967652
75 Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search With The Navigating Spreading-out Graph 2019 VLDB 0.00037163157
286 Query-Aware Locality-Sensitive Hashing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2016 VLDB 0.00022090962
325 AnalyticDB-V: A Hybrid Analytical Engine Towards Query Fusion for Structured and Unstructured Data 2020 VLDB 0.00020930941
350 The Query By Image Content (QBIC) System 1995 SIGMOD 0.0002018411
650 HD-Index: Pushing the Scalability-Accuracy Boundary for Approximate kNN Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2018 VLDB 0.00015142453
837 Improving Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search through Learned Adaptive Early Termination 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013530806
1,881 iDEC: Indexable Distance Estimating Codes for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2020 VLDB 9.4262036e-05
4,868 Permutation Search Methods are Efficient, Yet Faster Search is Possible 2015 VLDB 6.3593681e-05
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# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 10,714 FGIM: a Fast Graph-based Indexes Merging Framework for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD
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3 10,588 Through the Lens of Hubness: A Revisit on Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD
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