Benchmarking Learned Indexes

Summary: Introduces a unified benchmark for learned indexes, evaluating three learned index families against traditional baselines on four real-world datasets. Finds that learned indexes can outperform non-learned indexes in read-only in-memory dense arrays, and analyzes caching, pipelining, size effects, multi-threading, and build times to explain their performance. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 12291
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2021
Pagerank: 0.00011965956
Overall Rank: 1,438 | 90.01%
DOI: 10.14778/3421424.3421425

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 6 of 56 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
10,407	VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity	2025	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
10,494	Femur: A Flexible Framework for Fast and Secure Querying from Public Key-Value Store	2025	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
10,719	DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,829	LETIndex: A Secure Learned Index with TEE	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,952	SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index	2024	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
10,963	FairHash: A Fair and Memory/Time-efficient Hashmap	2024	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 13 of 13 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
101	The Case for Learned Index Structures	2018	SIGMOD	0.00049778866
382	FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs	2010	SIGMOD	0.00024888997
819	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00016237497
844	The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds	2020	VLDB	0.00015964123
1,085	HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems	2018	SIGMOD	0.00014173956
1,169	SuRF: Practical Range Query Filtering with Fast Succinct Tries	2018	SIGMOD	0.00013530267
1,365	FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure	2019	SIGMOD	0.00012379754
1,464	Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes	2020	SIGMOD	0.0001184772
1,692	A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing	2016	VLDB	0.00010887129
2,046	Efficient Parallel Lists Intersection and Index Compression Algorithms using Graphics Processing Units	2011	VLDB	9.6922338e-05
2,734	Efficiently Searching In-Memory Sorted Arrays: Revenge of the Interpolation Search?	2019	SIGMOD	8.2082721e-05
4,069	CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures	2020	SIGMOD	6.4744708e-05
6,441	An Eight-Dimensional Systematic Evaluation of Optimized Search Algorithms on Modern Processors	2018	VLDB	5.0546366e-05

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