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A Comprehensive Survey and Experimental Comparison of Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search

Summary: Systematically taxonomizes and benchmarks 13 graph-based ANNS algorithms across 20 real and synthetic datasets using a unified, fine-grained pipeline. Reveals component-level tradeoffs, practitioner guidelines, and an optimized method that surpasses prior state of the art. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
12566
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00019194947
Overall Rank
398 | 97.28%
DOI
10.14778/3476249.3476255

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{wang_vldb21,
        title = {{A Comprehensive Survey and Experimental Comparison of Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search}},
        author = {Wang, Mengzhao and Xu, Xiaoliang and Yue, Qiang and Wang, Yuxiang},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '21},
        volume = {14},
        number = {11},
        pages = {1964--1978},
        doi = {10.14778/3476249.3476255},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3476249.3476255},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 75 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,244 Efficient Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Multi-dimensional Databases 2023 SIGMOD 0.00011508159
1,357 RaBitQ: Quantizing High-Dimensional Vectors with a Theoretical Error Bound for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 0.00011043994
1,735 High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: with Reliable and Efficient Distance Comparison Operations 2023 SIGMOD 9.9004924e-05
1,760 Starling: An I/O-Efficient Disk-Resident Graph Index Framework for High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search on Data Segment 2024 SIGMOD 9.8157819e-05
1,934 Towards Efficient Index Construction and Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2023 VLDB 9.4561907e-05
2,303 SeRF: Segment Graph for Range-Filtering Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 8.7783079e-05
2,519 Similarity search in the blink of an eye with compressed indices 2023 VLDB 8.4741476e-05
2,534 ELPIS: Graph-Based Similarity Search for Scalable Data Science 2023 VLDB 8.4561875e-05
3,108 Practical and Asymptotically Optimal Quantization of High-Dimensional Vectors in Euclidean Space for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 7.7499741e-05
3,240 Graph-Based Vector Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art 2025 SIGMOD 7.6071649e-05
3,286 iRangeGraph: Improvising Range-dedicated Graphs for Range-filtering Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 7.5596483e-05
3,335 Navigating Labels and Vectors: A Unified Approach to Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 7.5098031e-05
3,799 SymphonyQG: Towards Symphonious Integration of Quantization and Graph for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 7.114484e-05
4,116 RoarGraph: A Projected Bipartite Graph for Efficient Cross-Modal Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 VLDB 6.892012e-05
4,712 Revisiting the Index Construction of Proximity Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 6.5506649e-05
5,653 UNIFY: Unified Index for Range Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbors Search 2025 VLDB 6.1332953e-05
5,800 DET-LSH: A Locality-Sensitive Hashing Scheme with Dynamic Encoding Tree for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 VLDB 6.0850924e-05
6,133 Efficient Data-aware Distance Comparison Operations for High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 5.9654376e-05
6,148 Steiner-Hardness: A Query Hardness Measure for Graph-Based ANN Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.9593368e-05
6,334 MIRAGE-ANNS: Mixed Approach Graph-based Indexing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.9093559e-05
6,615 A Topology-Aware Localized Update Strategy for Graph-Based ANN Index 2026 VLDB 5.8214312e-05
6,691 Dumpy: A Compact and Adaptive Index for Large Data Series Collections 2023 SIGMOD 5.8011086e-05
6,765 AquaPipe: A Quality-Aware Pipeline for Knowledge Retrieval and Large Language Models 2025 SIGMOD 5.7808599e-05
6,820 DIGRA: A Dynamic Graph Indexing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with Range Filter 2025 SIGMOD 5.7632132e-05
6,851 Maximum Inner Product is Query-Scaled Nearest Neighbor 2025 VLDB 5.7546877e-05
7,124 GTI: Graph-based Tree Index with Logarithm Updates for Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2025 VLDB 5.6961208e-05
7,145 Subspace Collision: An Efficient and Accurate Framework for High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.6908957e-05
7,166 Accelerating Graph Indexing for ANNS on Modern CPUs 2025 SIGMOD 5.6846045e-05
7,259 Efficient Dynamic Indexing for Range Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.6613405e-05
7,474 GTS: GPU-based Tree Index for Fast Similarity Search 2024 SIGMOD 5.6093517e-05
7,720 PDX: A Data Layout for Vector Similarity Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.559007e-05
7,761 DEG: Efficient Hybrid Vector Search Using the Dynamic Edge Navigation Graph 2025 SIGMOD 5.550467e-05
8,230 TOD: GPU-accelerated Outlier Detection via Tensor Operations 2023 VLDB 5.4619615e-05
8,477 Cohesiveness-aware Hierarchical Compressed Index for Community Search on Attributed Graphs 2025 SIGMOD 5.4170414e-05
9,052 Fast Approximate Similarity Join in Vector Databases 2025 SIGMOD 5.3251649e-05
9,163 Attribute Filtering in Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: An In-depth Experimental Study 2026 SIGMOD 5.3104846e-05
9,360 DARTH: Declarative Recall Through Early Termination for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.2819088e-05
9,407 RWalks: Random Walks as Attribute Diffusers for Filtered Vector Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.2751121e-05
9,776 Fast Graph Vector Search via Hardware Acceleration and Delayed-Synchronization Traversal 2025 VLDB 5.2209769e-05
9,874 Fast Search-By-Classification for Large-Scale Databases Using Index-Aware Decision Trees and Random Forests 2023 VLDB 5.2043672e-05
9,892 Accelerating Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Hierarchical Graphs: Efficient Level Navigation with Shortcuts 2025 VLDB 5.1997534e-05
10,035 CoTra: Towards Efficient and Scalable Distributed Vector Search with RDMA 2026 SIGMOD 5.173224e-05
10,179 Proximity Graphs for Similarity Search: Fast Construction, Lower Bounds, and Euclidean Separation 2026 PODS 5.093636e-05
10,201 Balancing Global and Local: Representative Sampling for Large-Scale Vector Data 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,227 Efficient Index Layout and Search Strategy for Large-scale High-dimensional Vector Similarity Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,233 Enhancing Graph-based Approximate Maximum Inner Product Search via Norm-Adaptive Partitioning 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,242 FAVOR: Efficient Filter-Agnostic Vector ANNS Based on Selectivity-Aware Exclusion Distances 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,256 HYDRA: A Multi-Level Hierarchy-Driven Approach for Robust Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,297 TaCo: Data-adaptive and Query-aware Subspace Collision for High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,299 Through the Lens of Hubness: A Revisit on Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 9 of 9 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
46 A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces 1998 VLDB 0.00044853085
93 Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search With The Navigating Spreading-out Graph 2019 VLDB 0.00034701237
332 Query-Aware Locality-Sensitive Hashing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2016 VLDB 0.00020920444
353 The Query By Image Content (QBIC) System 1995 SIGMOD 0.00020370587
406 AnalyticDB-V: A Hybrid Analytical Engine Towards Query Fusion for Structured and Unstructured Data 2020 VLDB 0.00019054532
705 HD-Index: Pushing the Scalability-Accuracy Boundary for Approximate kNN Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2018 VLDB 0.00014829964
926 Improving Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search through Learned Adaptive Early Termination 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013181732
2,010 iDEC: Indexable Distance Estimating Codes for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2020 VLDB 9.3085202e-05
4,970 Permutation Search Methods are Efficient, Yet Faster Search is Possible 2015 VLDB 6.4197336e-05
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Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 6,334 MIRAGE-ANNS: Mixed Approach Graph-based Indexing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD
2 10,455 FGIM: a Fast Graph-based Indexes Merging Framework for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD
3 4,712 Revisiting the Index Construction of Proximity Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB
4 10,299 Through the Lens of Hubness: A Revisit on Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD
5 926 Improving Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search through Learned Adaptive Early Termination 2020 SIGMOD
6 9,163 Attribute Filtering in Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: An In-depth Experimental Study 2026 SIGMOD
7 10,364 Efficient Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search via Hemi-Sphere Centroids Graph 2026 SIGMOD
8 93 Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search With The Navigating Spreading-out Graph 2019 VLDB
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