The Case for Learned Index Structures

Summary: Indexes treated as models; learned indexes proposed as replacements for B-Tree, Hash, and Bitmap indexes. The paper analyzes theoretical conditions under which learned indexes outperform traditional ones and reports initial results, signaling ML-driven data management as a design paradigm. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5555
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2018
Pagerank: 0.00049545203
Overall Rank: 102 | 99.30%
DOI: 10.1145/3183713.3196909

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 206 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
9,618	A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach	2025	SIGMOD	4.3173366e-05
9,628	Approximate Sketches	2024	SIGMOD	4.3143499e-05
9,728	SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning	2025	SIGMOD	4.2942813e-05
9,746	Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective?	2025	VLDB	4.2897489e-05
9,806	The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format	2024	SIGMOD	4.2805224e-05
9,827	PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy	2023	SIGMOD	4.2751057e-05
9,846	HyperBlocker: Accelerating Rule-based Blocking in Entity Resolution using GPUs	2025	VLDB	4.2721228e-05
9,852	Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis	2024	SIGMOD	4.2714575e-05
9,858	VIP Hashing - Adapting to Skew in Popularity of Data on the Fly	2022	VLDB	4.269353e-05
9,892	DBMS Fitting: Why should we learn what we already know?	2020	CIDR	4.261445e-05
9,903	Towards Systematic Index Dynamization	2024	VLDB	4.258022e-05
9,917	Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes	2023	VLDB	4.2561557e-05
9,931	ChainedFilter: Combining Membership Filters by Chain Rule	2023	SIGMOD	4.250188e-05
9,945	SSCard: Substring Cardinality Estimation using Suffix Tree-Guided Learned FM-Index	2026	SIGMOD	4.2432653e-05
9,983	Does A Fish Need a Bicycle? The Case for On-Chip NPUs in DBMS	2026	CIDR	4.1945683e-05
10,038	Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis]	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,087	High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,163	Enumerating Graph Pattern Matches with ML Oracles	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,169	From Learning to Recycling: A Log-Structured Learned-Less Index	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,172	HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,175	Improving LZ4 for Effective Compression and Efficient Query	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,180	LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,216	The Case For Language Model Approximated LIKE Predicate	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,312	A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries	2026	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,319	LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search	2026	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,326	Learned Static Function Data Structures	2026	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,385	Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve	2025	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,396	VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity	2025	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,484	Femur: A Flexible Framework for Fast and Secure Querying from Public Key-Value Store	2025	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,531	SPECIAL: Synopsis Assisted Secure Collaborative Analytics	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,548	GeoBloom: Revisiting Lightweight Models for Geographic Information Retrieval	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,562	FB+-tree: A Memory-Optimized B+-tree with Latch-Free Update	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,590	ACE: A Cardinality Estimator for Set-Valued Queries	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,621	BLAEQ: A Multigrid Index for Spatial Query on Geometry Data	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,683	Accelerating Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Hierarchical Graphs: Efficient Level Navigation with Shortcuts	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,698	Not Small Enough? SegPQ: A Learned Approach to Compress Product Quantization Codebooks	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,712	DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,824	LETIndex: A Secure Learned Index with TEE	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,833	Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,931	Proactive Resume and Pause of Resources for Microsoft Azure SQL Database Serverless	2024	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,949	SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index	2024	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,960	FairHash: A Fair and Memory/Time-efficient Hashmap	2024	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,963	FeatureLTE: Learning to Estimate Feature Importance	2024	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
10,980	BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data	2024	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
11,136	Efficient Cost Modeling of Space-filling Curves	2024	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,222	A Learned Cuckoo Filter for Approximate Membership Queries over Variable-sized Sliding Windows on Data Streams	2023	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
11,236	AdaChain: A Learned Adaptive Blockchain	2023	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,276	Route Travel Time Estimation on A Road Network Revisited: Heterogeneity, Proximity, Periodicity and Dynamicity	2023	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,279	Demonstrating Waffle: A Self-driving Grid Index	2023	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
11,374	New Wine in an Old Bottle: Data-Aware Hash Functions for Bloom Filters	2022	VLDB	4.1945683e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
32	Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases	1976	SIGMOD	0.00077486306
44	The Design Of Postgres	1986	SIGMOD	0.00071838587
103	Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory	2000	SIGMOD	0.00049150032
233	A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems	1986	VLDB	0.00032021526
368	Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing	1998	VLDB	0.000254931
381	FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs	2010	SIGMOD	0.00024873637
720	Building a Database on S3	2008	SIGMOD	0.00017615431
1,213	RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF	2008	VLDB	0.0001325231
1,312	Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes	2016	SIGMOD	0.00012652548
1,471	Adaptive Range Filters for Cold Data: Avoiding Trips to Siberia	2013	VLDB	0.00011830111
1,696	A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing	2016	VLDB	0.00010881034
1,711	SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications	2009	CIDR	0.0001080509
1,819	The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale	2017	VLDB	0.00010429773
1,873	An Architecture for Compiling UDF-centric Workflows	2015	VLDB	0.00010253002
1,913	BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing	2014	VLDB	0.00010113937
3,777	A Hybrid B+-tree as Solution for In-Memory Indexing on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Platforms	2016	SIGMOD	6.7750901e-05
3,912	Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems	2017	VLDB	6.6354964e-05
4,897	The Wavelet Trie: Maintaining an Indexed Sequence of Strings in Compressed Space	2012	PODS	5.8469152e-05

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8,811	Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond	2022	SIGMOD	4.4441574e-05
5,157	Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn	2021	CIDR	5.6589595e-05
9,746	Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective?	2025	VLDB	4.2897489e-05
6,445	Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices	2023	SIGMOD	5.0589805e-05
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