CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures

Summary: CDFShop enables exploration and optimization of recursive model indexes (RMIs), a class of learned indexes, for data lookups. It exposes tuning knobs and automatic optimization to reveal space/time tradeoffs and gains over traditional B-trees. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5941
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2020
Pagerank: 7.7003613e-05
Overall Rank: 3,152 | 78.38%
DOI: 10.1145/3318464.3384706

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Ryan Marcus (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
2. Emily Zhang (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
3. Tim Kraska (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{marcus_sigmod20,
        title = {{CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures}},
        author = {Marcus, Ryan and Zhang, Emily and Kraska, Tim},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '20},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3318464.3384706},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3318464.3384706},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
847	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.0001365768
2,233	FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems	2022	VLDB	8.8968964e-05
3,729	CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm	2022	VLDB	7.1683974e-05
3,792	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	7.1220982e-05
4,368	Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process	2022	SIGMOD	6.7393882e-05
5,974	Towards instance-optimized data systems	2021	VLDB	6.0230488e-05
6,163	A Critical Analysis of Recursive Model Indexes	2022	VLDB	5.9532723e-05
6,687	Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk	2024	SIGMOD	5.8022308e-05
7,368	Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training	2024	VLDB	5.6315363e-05
7,392	Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction	2024	SIGMOD	5.6265456e-05
8,040	PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost!	2021	VLDB	5.5018396e-05
8,591	A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach	2025	SIGMOD	5.4059856e-05
8,709	Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective?	2025	VLDB	5.3789739e-05
9,106	AirIndex: Versatile Index Tuning Through Data and Storage	2023	SIGMOD	5.3226167e-05
9,411	Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs	2024	SIGMOD	5.274743e-05
9,599	Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis]	2026	SIGMOD	5.2492748e-05
9,998	SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index	2024	SIGMOD	5.1814573e-05
10,262	LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree	2026	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,267	Mathematical Foundations of Poisoning Attacks on Linear Regression over Cumulative Distribution Functions	2026	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,667	In-Database Time Series Clustering	2025	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,682	VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity	2025	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 3 of 3 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
447	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00018322593
873	Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes	2020	SIGMOD	0.00013481915
882	HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems	2018	SIGMOD	0.0001342403

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