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CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm

Summary: CARMI exposes data partitioning as the key to practical learned indexes, using entropy and a cost model to automatically choose RMI structures and models. Its cache-aware design reduces memory accesses, delivering strong speedups with less memory than B+ trees and ALEX. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
12943
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
7.1683974e-05
Overall Rank
3,729 | 74.42%
DOI
10.14778/3551793.3551823

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{zhang_vldb22,
        title = {{CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm}},
        author = {Zhang, Jiaoyi and Gao, Yihan},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {11},
        pages = {2679--2691},
        doi = {10.14778/3551793.3551823},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3551793.3551823},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 20 of 20 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,792 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1220982e-05
4,065 LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations 2024 SIGMOD 6.930275e-05
4,300 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.773869e-05
5,423 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.2242567e-05
6,687 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.8022308e-05
6,874 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.7489487e-05
7,368 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6315363e-05
8,249 Femur: A Flexible Framework for Fast and Secure Querying from Public Key-Value Store 2025 SIGMOD 5.4574671e-05
8,591 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 5.4059856e-05
8,709 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 5.3789739e-05
9,998 SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index 2024 SIGMOD 5.1814573e-05
10,260 L3: A GPU-Native Co-Designed Data Format for Learned Lossless Lightweight Compression 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,262 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,378 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,461 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,469 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,617 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,682 VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,955 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,246 Blitzcrank: Fast Semantic Compression for In-memory Online Transaction Processing 2024 VLDB 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
43 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046060254
67 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00038461275
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035838391
204 Cache Conscious Indexing for Decision-Support in Main Memory 1999 VLDB 0.00025342994
219 A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems 1986 VLDB 0.00024293529
278 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00022476841
447 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018322593
477 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017851226
545 Improving Index Performance through Prefetching 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016766463
568 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.0001641553
790 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.0001401445
847 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.0001365768
873 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013481915
964 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012934147
1,174 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011817414
1,418 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010835539
1,551 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010381398
1,840 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.6404567e-05
2,222 Efficiently Searching In-Memory Sorted Arrays: Revenge of the Interpolation Search? 2019 SIGMOD 8.9255716e-05
3,051 Towards a Hands-Free Query Optimizer through Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 7.8121919e-05
3,152 CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures 2020 SIGMOD 7.7003613e-05
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