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Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical

Summary: Bao is a bandit-based learned optimizer atop optimizers, offering per-query hints via Thompson sampling and tree-CNNs. Adapts to workload, data, and schema changes, improving end-to-end and tail latency; cloud tests show cost reductions and stronger performance. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
6180
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00019638121
Overall Rank
378 | 97.41%
DOI
10.1145/3448016.3452838

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{marcus_sigmod21,
        title = {{Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical}},
        author = {Marcus, Ryan and Negi, Parimarjan and Mao, Hongzi and Tatbul, Nesime and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '21},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3448016.3452838},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448016.3452838},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 124 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
7,809 Can Large Language Models Be Query Optimizer for Relational Databases? 2026 SIGMOD 5.5399022e-05
7,825 RCRank: Multimodal Ranking of Root Causes of Slow Queries in Cloud Database Systems 2025 VLDB 5.5367884e-05
7,846 The Holon Approach for Simultaneously Tuning Multiple Components in a Self-Driving Database Management System with Machine Learning via Synthesized Proto-Actions 2024 VLDB 5.5331459e-05
7,882 Efficiently Computing Join Orders with Heuristic Search 2023 SIGMOD 5.5237338e-05
7,910 Quantum-Inspired Digital Annealing for Join Ordering 2024 VLDB 5.5181056e-05
7,978 ADOPT: Adaptively Optimizing Attribute Orders for Worst-Case Optimal Join Algorithms via Reinforcement Learning 2023 VLDB 5.514996e-05
8,163 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 5.4751517e-05
8,221 NeurDB: On the Design and Implementation of an AI-powered Autonomous Database 2025 CIDR 5.4640314e-05
8,234 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 5.460955e-05
8,305 PARQO: Penalty-Aware Robust Plan Selection in Query Optimization 2024 VLDB 5.4568571e-05
8,323 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 5.4539294e-05
8,494 POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance 2024 VLDB 5.4142129e-05
8,572 T3: Accurate and Fast Performance Prediction for Relational Database Systems With Compiled Decision Trees 2025 SIGMOD 5.4102362e-05
8,608 One Size Does Not Fit All: A Bandit-Based Sampler Combination Framework with Theoretical Guarantees 2022 SIGMOD 5.4024561e-05
8,698 SkinnerMT: Parallelizing for Efficiency and Robustness in Adaptive Query Processing on Multicore Platforms 2023 VLDB 5.3830073e-05
8,783 Tiresias: Enabling Predictive Autonomous Storage and Indexing 2022 VLDB 5.3740362e-05
8,798 GEqO: ML-Accelerated Semantic Equivalence Detection 2023 SIGMOD 5.3698781e-05
8,854 Towards Foundation Database Models 2025 CIDR 5.357608e-05
8,861 Optimizing the cloud? Don't train models. Build oracles! 2024 CIDR 5.355716e-05
8,984 Hit the Gym: Accelerating Query Execution to Efficiently Bootstrap Behavior Models for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2024 VLDB 5.3395569e-05
9,123 BASE: Bridging the Gap between Cost and Latency for Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 5.3193264e-05
9,240 Automatic SQL Error Mitigation in Oracle 2023 VLDB 5.3004142e-05
9,428 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 5.2709145e-05
9,465 Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example 2025 VLDB 5.2634238e-05
9,536 Database Gyms 2023 CIDR 5.2529727e-05
9,601 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 5.2487799e-05
9,617 NeuSO: Neural Optimizer for Subgraph Queries 2026 SIGMOD 5.2434488e-05
9,796 ROME: Robust Query Optimization via Parallel Multi-Plan Execution 2024 SIGMOD 5.21848e-05
9,846 QO-Insight: Inspecting Steered Query Optimizers 2023 VLDB 5.2094004e-05
9,881 The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format 2024 SIGMOD 5.2040783e-05
9,920 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 5.1955087e-05
9,971 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.1845938e-05
9,974 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 5.1845938e-05
10,016 Turbo-Charging SPJ Query Plans with Learned Physical Join Operator Selections 2022 VLDB 5.1764556e-05
10,066 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 5.1643809e-05
10,097 SSCard: Substring Cardinality Estimation using Suffix Tree-Guided Learned FM-Index 2026 SIGMOD 5.1502319e-05
10,108 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 5.1347137e-05
10,130 Does A Fish Need a Bicycle? The Case for On-Chip NPUs in DBMS 2026 CIDR 5.093636e-05
10,190 AgenticScholar: Agentic Data Management with Pipeline Orchestration for Scholarly Corpora 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,196 Are Learned DBMS Components Robust to Workload Drift?: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,272 NeurBench: A Benchmark Suite for Learned Database Components with Drift Modeling: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,296 Succinct Structure Representations for Efficient Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,316 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,343 APQO: An Adaptive Framework for Parametric Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,401 SEFRQO: A Self-Evolving Fine-Tuned RAG-Based Query Optimizer 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,445 Divo: Learning a Stable and Effective Query Optimizer with a Diverse Workload 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,488 R2O: A Dual-Layer Framework for Joint Rewriting and Ordering in Distributed Property Graph Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,492 Reqo: A Comprehensive Learning-Based Cost Model for Robust and Explainable Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,506 This is Going to Sound Crazy, But What If We Used Large Language Models to Boost Automatic Database Tuning Algorithms By Leveraging Prior History? We Will Find Better Configurations More Quickly Than Retraining From Scratch! 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,508 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 20 of 20 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0024089429
18 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059284255
43 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046060254
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035838391
100 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034385207
154 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00028726181
234 Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2017 CIDR 0.00023810722
401 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019092557
465 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001803934
513 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017190574
563 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.0001650812
568 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.0001641553
682 Robust Estimation of Resource Consumption for SQL Queries using Statistical Techniques 2012 VLDB 0.00015014887
1,170 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011827259
1,279 AI Meets AI: Leveraging Query Executions to Improve Index Recommendations 2019 SIGMOD 0.00011361878
1,815 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2018 VLDB 9.6894541e-05
1,831 On Predictive Modeling for Optimizing Transaction Execution in Parallel OLTP Systems 2012 VLDB 9.6635729e-05
2,592 SQLShare: Results from a Multi-Year SQL-as-a-Service Experiment 2016 SIGMOD 8.3657526e-05
4,053 Database-Agnostic Workload Management 2019 CIDR 6.9355341e-05
4,987 Releasing Cloud Databases from the Chains of Performance Prediction Models 2017 CIDR 6.4112736e-05
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