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Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads

Summary: Tsunami, a learned multi-dimensional index for correlated data and skewed workloads, addresses tuning gaps in prior learned MDIs. It delivers up to 6x faster queries and 8x smaller index than prior learned MDI, and up to 11x faster and 170x smaller than optimally-tuned traditional indexes. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h1c4dfa96dd19d858
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00011564169
Overall Rank
1,190 | 92.03%
DOI
10.14778/3425879.3425880
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{ding_vldb21,
        title = {{Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads}},
        author = {Ding, Jialin and Nathan, Vikram and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '21},
        volume = {14},
        number = {2},
        pages = {74--86},
        doi = {10.14778/3425879.3425880},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3425879.3425880},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
4 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD 0.0011386412
12 C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS 2005 VLDB 0.00068985264
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046249672
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00039478403
151 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028611216
160 CORDS: Automatic Discovery of Correlations and Soft Functional Dependencies 2004 SIGMOD 0.00027775994
427 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018429918
458 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00017870238
461 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017835351
774 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00014063511
870 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.0001332034
1,132 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011873466
1,445 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010607118
1,490 Efficient Discovery of Approximate Dependencies 2018 VLDB 0.0001047928
1,670 BHUNT: Automatic Discovery of Fuzzy Algebraic Constraints in Relational Data 2003 VLDB 9.9124313e-05
2,211 Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel 2000 VLDB 8.8443254e-05
2,249 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.7479608e-05
2,337 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.6002736e-05
3,509 CORADD: Correlation Aware Database Designer for Materialized Views and Indexes 2010 VLDB 7.2279142e-05
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