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Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes

Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h72ba21dacba08e3e
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.0001332034
Overall Rank
870 | 94.17%
DOI
10.1145/3318464.3380579

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{nathan_sigmod20,
        title = {{Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes}},
        author = {Nathan, Vikram and Ding, Jialin and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '20},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 74 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
427 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018429918
834 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013539098
1,132 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011873466
1,190 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011564169
1,529 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010320909
1,884 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.422145e-05
2,009 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.1813272e-05
2,584 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2435322e-05
2,590 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.2368464e-05
2,772 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0148928e-05
2,870 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9033232e-05
2,913 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.855786e-05
3,207 CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures 2020 SIGMOD 7.5187675e-05
3,328 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.4094448e-05
3,632 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1274345e-05
3,709 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 7.0586477e-05
3,716 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.0541948e-05
4,385 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.613814e-05
4,389 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6111249e-05
4,479 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.5665703e-05
4,508 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 6.5553854e-05
4,621 The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures 2022 SIGMOD 6.4828493e-05
4,727 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.4327925e-05
4,765 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.4166895e-05
4,773 Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure 2020 VLDB 6.4102054e-05
4,797 LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems 2022 SIGMOD 6.3978116e-05
4,833 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.3834856e-05
4,879 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.3567479e-05
4,915 Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions? 2023 VLDB 6.3452789e-05
5,397 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.1347527e-05
5,421 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 6.1231965e-05
5,728 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.9979958e-05
5,854 Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems 2024 SIGMOD 5.9520525e-05
5,935 Self-Organizing Data Containers 2022 CIDR 5.9251217e-05
5,982 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.9096991e-05
6,041 Automated Multidimensional Data Layouts in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 5.8894534e-05
6,402 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7800842e-05
6,604 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.7196547e-05
6,622 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.7136886e-05
6,730 Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems 2022 VLDB 5.6801409e-05
6,802 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.6623052e-05
6,889 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6393954e-05
7,341 LIDER: An Efficient High-dimensional Learned Index for Large-scale Dense Passage Retrieval 2023 VLDB 5.5333312e-05
7,363 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.5279826e-05
7,388 Towards Foundation Database Models 2025 CIDR 5.5211011e-05
7,621 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 5.4664683e-05
8,219 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.359172e-05
8,223 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.3584214e-05
8,391 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 5.3248747e-05
8,419 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 5.3198816e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
12 C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS 2005 VLDB 0.00068985264
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046249672
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00039478403
151 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028611216
177 The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later 2012 VLDB 0.00026571747
253 Database Cracking 2007 CIDR 0.00023037921
427 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018429918
458 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00017870238
550 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016525249
667 Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014941252
1,061 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012207625
1,156 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011759683
1,611 The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models 2018 SIGMOD 0.00010066379
1,696 Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores 2009 SIGMOD 9.8272691e-05
2,211 Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel 2000 VLDB 8.8443254e-05
2,249 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.7479608e-05
2,337 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.6002736e-05
2,392 The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking 2014 VLDB 8.5172189e-05
5,313 Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes 1988 SIGMOD 6.1696238e-05
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