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Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes

Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h72ba21dacba08e3e
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00013363241
Overall Rank
869 | 94.17%
DOI
10.1145/3318464.3380579

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{nathan_sigmod20,
        title = {{Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes}},
        author = {Nathan, Vikram and Ding, Jialin and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '20},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 74 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
422 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018488849
835 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013575971
1,128 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011901941
1,188 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011598149
1,525 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010355133
1,877 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.4498401e-05
2,002 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2076835e-05
2,582 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.2641447e-05
2,583 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2589842e-05
2,765 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0401855e-05
2,861 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9295281e-05
2,908 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.8716173e-05
3,198 CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures 2020 SIGMOD 7.5422544e-05
3,565 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.200937e-05
3,621 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1510804e-05
3,701 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 7.0820503e-05
3,710 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.0775695e-05
4,362 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.6357559e-05
4,366 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6330579e-05
4,459 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.5883555e-05
4,485 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 6.5771335e-05
4,618 The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures 2022 SIGMOD 6.4981355e-05
4,715 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.4537149e-05
4,743 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.4379536e-05
4,755 Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure 2020 VLDB 6.4309508e-05
4,851 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.377837e-05
4,890 Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions? 2023 VLDB 6.3663299e-05
5,043 LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems 2022 SIGMOD 6.2979214e-05
5,216 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.2218868e-05
5,378 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.1551053e-05
5,405 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 6.1435108e-05
5,715 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.0178585e-05
5,850 Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems 2024 SIGMOD 5.9697921e-05
5,929 Self-Organizing Data Containers 2022 CIDR 5.9411211e-05
5,973 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.9281867e-05
6,027 Automated Multidimensional Data Layouts in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 5.9089922e-05
6,408 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7921918e-05
6,597 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.7386302e-05
6,613 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.7326443e-05
6,715 Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems 2022 VLDB 5.6989853e-05
6,787 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.6810904e-05
6,867 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6581046e-05
7,323 LIDER: An Efficient High-dimensional Learned Index for Large-scale Dense Passage Retrieval 2023 VLDB 5.5516885e-05
7,386 Towards Foundation Database Models 2025 CIDR 5.5360368e-05
7,604 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 5.4846038e-05
7,869 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.4342182e-05
8,204 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.3769515e-05
8,208 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.3761984e-05
8,374 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 5.3425405e-05
8,402 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 5.3375308e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
12 C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS 2005 VLDB 0.0006897844
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046363107
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00039592759
151 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028664776
178 The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later 2012 VLDB 0.00026620521
252 Database Cracking 2007 CIDR 0.00023101361
422 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018488849
461 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00017841988
555 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.0001650754
666 Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014989211
1,058 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012224038
1,155 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011777046
1,606 The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models 2018 SIGMOD 0.00010091937
1,693 Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores 2009 SIGMOD 9.8522869e-05
2,199 Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel 2000 VLDB 8.8732148e-05
2,237 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.7738349e-05
2,326 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.628257e-05
2,384 The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking 2014 VLDB 8.5401256e-05
5,294 Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes 1988 SIGMOD 6.1899509e-05
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