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Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes

Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h72ba21dacba08e3e
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00013354403
Overall Rank
868 | 94.17%
DOI
10.1145/3318464.3380579

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{nathan_sigmod20,
        title = {{Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes}},
        author = {Nathan, Vikram and Ding, Jialin and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '20},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 74 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
430 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018409112
848 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013506188
1,132 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011898257
1,191 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011590153
1,550 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010282449
1,878 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.4451309e-05
2,004 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2065719e-05
2,583 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2589758e-05
2,636 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.1941043e-05
2,765 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0439015e-05
2,866 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9258875e-05
2,908 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.8742664e-05
3,206 CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures 2020 SIGMOD 7.5397402e-05
3,563 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.2042148e-05
3,697 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.0882335e-05
3,703 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 7.0842566e-05
3,803 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.0127652e-05
4,375 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6292167e-05
4,457 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.5913732e-05
4,482 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 6.5802486e-05
4,508 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.5704964e-05
4,616 The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures 2022 SIGMOD 6.5000712e-05
4,721 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.4541703e-05
4,741 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.4410027e-05
4,756 Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure 2020 VLDB 6.43221e-05
4,850 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.3808017e-05
4,890 Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions? 2023 VLDB 6.3682031e-05
5,041 LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems 2022 SIGMOD 6.3006152e-05
5,214 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.2248104e-05
5,537 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.0919359e-05
5,571 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 6.080267e-05
5,716 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.0194657e-05
5,865 Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems 2024 SIGMOD 5.9659203e-05
5,929 Self-Organizing Data Containers 2022 CIDR 5.9439349e-05
5,974 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.9305575e-05
6,209 Automated Multidimensional Data Layouts in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 5.8495489e-05
6,416 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7920805e-05
6,595 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.7413481e-05
6,719 Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems 2022 VLDB 5.6985717e-05
6,821 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.6720444e-05
6,863 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6607844e-05
7,018 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.619958e-05
7,322 LIDER: An Efficient High-dimensional Learned Index for Large-scale Dense Passage Retrieval 2023 VLDB 5.5533524e-05
7,385 Towards Foundation Database Models 2025 CIDR 5.5385053e-05
7,598 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 5.4871733e-05
7,864 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.4367919e-05
8,196 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.3794981e-05
8,200 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.3787447e-05
8,369 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 5.3450708e-05
8,403 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 5.3389852e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
12 C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS 2005 VLDB 0.00068998927
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046284649
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00039605949
151 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028672526
179 The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later 2012 VLDB 0.00026611886
253 Database Cracking 2007 CIDR 0.00023042111
430 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018409112
460 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00017842695
555 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016506678
664 Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014995058
1,060 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012224575
1,156 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011777105
1,605 The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models 2018 SIGMOD 0.00010093796
1,694 Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores 2009 SIGMOD 9.8562172e-05
2,198 Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel 2000 VLDB 8.8759215e-05
2,238 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.7751619e-05
2,329 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.6292256e-05
2,383 The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking 2014 VLDB 8.5435328e-05
5,292 Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes 1988 SIGMOD 6.1924532e-05
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