DBScholar

Back to papers

The Case for Learned Index Structures

Summary: Indexes treated as models; learned indexes proposed as replacements for B-Tree, Hash, and Bitmap indexes. The paper analyzes theoretical conditions under which learned indexes outperform traditional ones and reports initial results, signaling ML-driven data management as a design paradigm. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h951df9242ad9178d
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2018
Pagerank
0.00046284649
Overall Rank
40 | 99.74%
DOI
10.1145/3183713.3196909

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{kraska_sigmod18,
        title = {{The Case for Learned Index Structures}},
        author = {Kraska, Tim and Beutel, Alex and Chi, Ed H. and Dean, Jeffrey and Polyzotis, Neoklis},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '18},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3183713.3196909},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3183713.3196909},
        year = {2018}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 219 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
85 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035864347
145 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.0002908188
318 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021167555
362 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00019989474
430 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018409112
463 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017804544
512 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017050173
555 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016506678
560 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.00016403151
779 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00014030069
848 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013506188
868 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013354403
1,064 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012202282
1,132 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011898257
1,156 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011777105
1,191 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011590153
1,279 AI Meets AI: Leveraging Query Executions to Improve Index Recommendations 2019 SIGMOD 0.00011226878
1,409 Northstar: An Interactive Data Science System 2018 VLDB 0.00010743451
1,433 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010677711
1,446 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010629222
1,550 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010282449
1,580 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010180835
1,846 From Natural Language Processing to Neural Databases 2021 VLDB 9.513089e-05
1,878 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.4451309e-05
1,889 Design Continuums and the Path Toward Self-Designing Key-Value Stores that Know and Learn 2019 CIDR 9.4273689e-05
1,975 CodexDB: Synthesizing Code for Query Processing from Natural Language Instructions using GPT-3 Codex 2022 VLDB 9.2807031e-05
1,980 Chucky: A Succinct Cuckoo Filter for LSM-Tree 2021 SIGMOD 9.2595896e-05
2,004 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2065719e-05
2,236 Efficiently Searching In-Memory Sorted Arrays: Revenge of the Interpolation Search? 2019 SIGMOD 8.7776298e-05
2,238 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.7751619e-05
2,277 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 8.7075835e-05
2,583 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2589758e-05
2,636 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.1941043e-05
2,690 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1258173e-05
2,765 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0439015e-05
2,834 Cost Models for Big Data Query Processing: Learning, Retrofitting, and Our Findings 2020 SIGMOD 7.9560627e-05
2,837 SNARF: A Learning-Enhanced Range Filter 2022 VLDB 7.9527715e-05
2,866 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9258875e-05
2,882 Optimal Column Layout for Hybrid Workloads 2019 VLDB 7.9116043e-05
2,908 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.8742664e-05
3,032 iBTune: Individualized Buffer Tuning for Large-scale Cloud Databases 2019 VLDB 7.7351139e-05
3,060 Towards a Hands-Free Query Optimizer through Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 7.6928239e-05
3,230 Similarity Query Processing for High-Dimensional Data 2020 VLDB 7.5056037e-05
3,232 TreeLine: An Update-In-Place Key-Value Store for Modern Storage 2023 VLDB 7.50343e-05
3,271 Estimating Cardinalities with Deep Sketches 2019 SIGMOD 7.4744941e-05
3,479 Cosine: A Cloud-Cost Optimized Self-Designing Key-Value Storage Engine 2022 VLDB 7.2695068e-05
3,486 HUNTER: An Online Cloud Database Hybrid Tuning System for Personalized Requirements 2022 SIGMOD 7.2636102e-05
3,487 LOGER: A Learned Optimizer towards Generating Efficient and Robust Query Execution Plans 2023 VLDB 7.263041e-05
3,562 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.2046519e-05
3,563 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.2042148e-05
Previous Page 1 / 5 Next

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
34 The Design Of Postgres 1986 SIGMOD 0.00049142315
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00039605949
69 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00037950385
216 Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing 1998 VLDB 0.00024485024
229 A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems 1986 VLDB 0.00023911856
282 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00022264207
647 Building a Database on S3 2008 SIGMOD 0.00015208434
954 RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF 2008 VLDB 0.00012867202
971 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012766019
1,117 Adaptive Range Filters for Cold Data: Avoiding Trips to Siberia 2013 VLDB 0.00011953704
1,283 A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing 2016 VLDB 0.00011209209
1,339 The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale 2017 VLDB 0.00010975458
1,444 An Architecture for Compiling UDF-centric Workflows 2015 VLDB 0.0001063181
1,510 BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing 2014 VLDB 0.00010438563
1,638 SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications 2009 CIDR 0.00010012154
3,375 A Hybrid B+-tree as Solution for In-Memory Indexing on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Platforms 2016 SIGMOD 7.3608441e-05
3,597 Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems 2017 VLDB 7.1788912e-05
4,955 The Wavelet Trie: Maintaining an Indexed Sequence of Strings in Compressed Space 2012 PODS 6.3406617e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 4,721 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR
2 5,537 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD
3 8,873 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB
4 1,550 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB
5 10,489 On Self-Designing Learned Indexes 2026 SIGMOD
6 2,636 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB
7 1,878 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB
8 6,821 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD
9 3,697 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB
10 848 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB