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Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning

Summary: Proposes MSCN, a multi-set convolutional network that encodes relational query plans with set semantics to learn cardinalities and capture join-crossing correlations. Combines deep learning with sampling to handle zero-sample cases, yielding much better estimates on real-world data. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hac0e2fce2cb9474d
Venue
CIDR
Year
2019
Pagerank
0.00035920657
Overall Rank
84 | 99.44%
DOI
-
PDF
Download (CC BY 3.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{kipf_cidr19,
        address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands},
        series = {{CIDR} '19},
        title = {{Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning}},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Innovative} {Data} {Systems} {Research}},
        author = {Kipf, Andreas and Kipf, Thomas and Radke, Bernhard and Leis, Viktor and Boncz, Peter and Kemper, Alfons},
        year = {2019}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 35 of 185 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
10,221 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 5.0460607e-05
10,249 Turbo-Charging SPJ Query Plans with Learned Physical Join Operator Selections 2022 VLDB 5.0412674e-05
10,257 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 5.039379e-05
10,258 DBMS Fitting: Why should we learn what we already know? 2020 CIDR 5.0391159e-05
10,320 AdaChain: A Learned Adaptive Blockchain 2023 VLDB 5.0258044e-05
10,327 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 5.0241309e-05
10,355 SSCard: Substring Cardinality Estimation using Suffix Tree-Guided Learned FM-Index 2026 SIGMOD 5.0156513e-05
10,370 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 5.0010514e-05
10,392 E-LQO: A Comprehensive Energy Evaluation Framework for Learned Query Optimization 2027 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,490 Are Learned DBMS Components Robust to Workload Drift?: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,500 Bridging the Gap: Cardinality Estimation for Semantic Queries on Unstructured Data 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,561 NeurBench: A Benchmark Suite for Learned Database Components with Drift Modeling: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,608 Rainbow: Risk-aware Index Benefit Estimation Facing Out Of Distribution Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,699 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,745 Qualitative Join Discovery in Data Lakes using Examples 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,762 The Case For Language Model Approximated LIKE Predicate 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,764 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,812 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,822 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,873 BaCon: Efficient Batch Processing of Counting Queries 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,966 Benchmarking the Full Pipeline of Materialized-View-Based Query Rewriting 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,994 TATA: An Efficient Framework for Task Transfer in Query Plan Representation 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,025 How Out-of-Bounds Are Your Cardinality Estimates? 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,183 Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,353 Cardinality Estimation for Having-Clauses 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,394 The Accuracy of Cardinality Estimators: Unraveling the Evaluation Result Conundrum 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,414 Privacy-Enhanced Database Synthesis for Benchmark Publishing 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,447 Opening The Black-Box: Explaining Learned Cost Models For Databases 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,484 Learned Cost Models for Query Optimization: From Batch to Streaming Systems 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,501 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,505 LASER: Buffer-Aware Learned Query Scheduling in Master-Standby Databases 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,564 Sub-optimal Join Order Identification with L1-error 2024 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,898 Juggler: Autonomous Cost Optimization and Performance Prediction of Big Data Applications 2022 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,906 LANTERN: Boredom-conscious Natural Language Description Generation of Query Execution Plans for Database Education 2022 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
12,001 Index-Based Join Size Estimation Using Adaptive Sampling 2021 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 14 of 14 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

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