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Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning

Summary: A sample-efficient learned cardinality estimator uses geometric deep learning over join graphs, predicate feature-selection encodings, and relational-algebra/three-valued-logic regularization without extra labels. It improves PostgreSQL end-to-end runtime under sparse training and workload shifts. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h9bb7a243c52284e3
Venue
VLDB
Year
2024
Pagerank
6.056758e-05
Overall Rank
5,630 | 62.17%
DOI
10.14778/3636218.3636229
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{reiner_vldb24,
        title = {{Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning}},
        author = {Reiner, Silvan and Grossniklaus, Michael},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '24},
        volume = {17},
        number = {4},
        pages = {740--752},
        doi = {10.14778/3636218.3636229},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3636218.3636229},
        year = {2024}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 15 of 15 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
5,316 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 6.1827415e-05
7,546 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 5.4966669e-05
8,373 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 5.3427119e-05
8,888 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 5.2543468e-05
9,556 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.1580326e-05
9,635 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 5.1453041e-05
9,723 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 5.1329654e-05
9,804 NeuSO: Neural Optimizer for Subgraph Queries 2026 SIGMOD 5.1233734e-05
9,962 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 5.1014161e-05
10,062 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 5.0851868e-05
10,638 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,710 Sample-based Distinct Cardinality Estimation for Multiple Attributes in Multi-Dataset Queries 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,751 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,812 BaCon: Efficient Batch Processing of Counting Queries 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,459 RankPQO: Learning-to-Rank for Parametric Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 26 of 26 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061067652
85 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035876108
144 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00029090793
318 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021166957
361 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00020000855
386 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00019446558
406 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019050182
462 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00017836105
510 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017059914
691 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014737455
981 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012713454
1,065 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012202293
1,195 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 0.00011574218
1,515 DSB: A Decision Support Benchmark for Workload-Driven and Traditional Database Systems 2021 VLDB 0.00010418766
1,735 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7566604e-05
2,002 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2076835e-05
2,209 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.8360101e-05
2,248 QueryFormer: A Tree Transformer Model for Query Plan Representation 2022 VLDB 8.7567205e-05
2,342 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.6074783e-05
2,583 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2589842e-05
2,686 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1300913e-05
2,844 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.9446987e-05
2,879 Zero-Shot Cost Models for Out-of-the-box Learned Cost Prediction 2022 VLDB 7.9126862e-05
3,327 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.4233639e-05
3,479 LOGER: A Learned Optimizer towards Generating Efficient and Robust Query Execution Plans 2023 VLDB 7.2665349e-05
6,408 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7921918e-05
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