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Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study

Summary: Introduces a taxonomy and unified workflow for learned cardinality estimators, enabling fair, apples-to-apples evaluation of join scenarios. Conducts comprehensive experiments on IMDB and TPC-DS beyond toy datasets, demystifies black-box models, identifies error drivers, and links CE to query optimization, suggesting actionable research directions. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hedfac545e976789d
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2022
Pagerank
8.6074783e-05
Overall Rank
2,342 | 84.27%
DOI
10.1145/3514221.3526154

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{kim_sigmod22,
        title = {{Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study}},
        author = {Kim, Kyoungmin and Jung, Jisung and Seo, In and Han, Wook-Shin and Choi, Kangwoo and Chong, Jaehyok},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '22},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3514221.3526154},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3514221.3526154},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 31 of 31 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,327 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.4233639e-05
4,191 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 6.7425275e-05
4,677 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 6.4721041e-05
5,224 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 6.2197808e-05
5,316 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 6.1827415e-05
5,482 A Comparative Study and Component Analysis of Query Plan Representation Techniques in ML4DB Studies 2024 VLDB 6.1123461e-05
5,630 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.056758e-05
5,850 Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems 2024 SIGMOD 5.9697921e-05
5,910 Join Size Bounds using l_p-Norms on Degree Sequences 2024 PODS 5.9478947e-05
6,107 Breaking It Down: An In-depth Study of Index Advisors 2024 VLDB 5.8833461e-05
6,579 Towards Query Optimizer as a Service (QOaaS) in a Unified LakeHouse Ecosystem: Can One QO Rule Them All? 2025 CIDR 5.7421583e-05
6,824 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.670071e-05
8,357 Towards Building Autonomous Data Services on Azure 2023 SIGMOD 5.3463255e-05
8,638 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 5.2965922e-05
8,808 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.2717563e-05
9,122 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 5.2251319e-05
9,381 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 5.1843659e-05
9,571 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 5.154741e-05
9,723 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 5.1329654e-05
9,917 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 5.1079647e-05
10,107 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 5.0765311e-05
10,222 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 5.0560976e-05
10,259 BEE: Towards Redundancy Reduction via Block-Separator Decomposition for Subgraph Matching 2026 SIGMOD 5.0480912e-05
10,343 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 5.0176429e-05
10,495 NeurBench: A Benchmark Suite for Learned Database Components with Drift Modeling: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,638 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,684 Qualitative Join Discovery in Data Lakes using Examples 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,703 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,891 Efficient GPU-Accelerated Local Subgraph Counting 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,947 Towards Industrial-Scale Parametric Query Optimization 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,459 RankPQO: Learning-to-Rank for Parametric Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061067652
85 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035876108
318 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021166957
406 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019050182
462 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00017836105
480 The Making of TPC-DS 2006 VLDB 0.00017615432
510 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017059914
688 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014749318
691 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014737455
795 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013934719
1,065 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012202293
1,155 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011777046
1,580 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010177136
1,735 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7566604e-05
2,002 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2076835e-05
2,583 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2589842e-05
2,908 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.8716173e-05
3,053 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.7041081e-05
3,563 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.2023194e-05
4,779 Learned Approximate Query Processing: Make it Light, Accurate and Fast 2021 CIDR 6.416435e-05
5,657 PGMJoins: Random Join Sampling with Graphical Models 2021 SIGMOD 6.0461e-05
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