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Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation

Summary: Deep autoregressive models for unsupervised cardinality estimation, no independence assumptions. Monte Carlo integration over autoregressors enables range queries across dimensions, delivering single-digit tail error and up to 90x gains vs baselines. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h584c662598f7ddac
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00019020138
Overall Rank
405 | 97.29%
DOI
10.14778/3368289.3368294
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{yang_vldb20,
        title = {{Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation}},
        author = {Yang, Zongheng and Liang, Eric and Kamsetty, Amog and Wu, Chenggang and Duan, Yan and Chen, Xi and Abbeel, Pieter and Hellerstein, Joseph M. and Krishnan, Sanjay and Stoica, Ion},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '20},
        volume = {13},
        number = {3},
        pages = {279--292},
        doi = {10.14778/3368289.3368294},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3368289.3368294},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 104 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
320 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021128745
355 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00020146245
508 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017108973
983 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012677179
1,064 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012181459
1,132 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011873466
1,175 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 0.00011630532
1,529 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010320909
1,583 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010148362
1,740 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7289523e-05
2,009 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.1813272e-05
2,190 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.8848923e-05
2,348 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.5910072e-05
2,389 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 8.5228689e-05
2,523 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.3316032e-05
2,584 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2435322e-05
2,635 Neural Subgraph Counting with Wasserstein Estimator 2022 SIGMOD 8.1795762e-05
2,696 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1068354e-05
2,772 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0148928e-05
2,852 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.9201312e-05
2,913 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.855786e-05
3,060 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.6828463e-05
3,093 Correlation Sketches for Approximate Join-Correlation Queries 2021 SIGMOD 7.6378811e-05
3,105 A Learned Sketch for Subgraph Counting 2021 SIGMOD 7.6278115e-05
3,212 Efficiently Approximating Selectivity Functions using Low Overhead Regression Models 2020 VLDB 7.5145409e-05
3,269 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.463682e-05
3,328 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.4094448e-05
3,555 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.1877332e-05
3,687 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 7.0797286e-05
3,709 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 7.0586477e-05
3,740 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.0398782e-05
3,959 MB2: Decomposed Behavior Modeling for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2021 SIGMOD 6.8804723e-05
4,101 Towards Dynamic and Safe Configuration Tuning for Cloud Databases 2022 SIGMOD 6.7930727e-05
4,202 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 6.7258607e-05
4,315 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.6545412e-05
4,459 Warper: Efficiently Adapting Learned Cardinality Estimators to Data and Workload Drifts 2022 SIGMOD 6.5757572e-05
4,479 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.5665703e-05
4,549 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.5328866e-05
4,641 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 6.4739208e-05
4,703 Learned Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Queries 2021 SIGMOD 6.4458272e-05
4,765 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.4166895e-05
4,971 Debunking the Myth of Join Ordering: Toward Robust SQL Analytics 2025 SIGMOD 6.3209003e-05
5,043 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 6.28918e-05
5,126 Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 6.2493606e-05
5,237 SAM: Database Generation from Query Workloads with Supervised Autoregressive Models 2022 SIGMOD 6.2027113e-05
5,361 Spitz: A Verifiable Database System 2020 VLDB 6.1497409e-05
5,457 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.1058928e-05
5,728 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.9979958e-05
5,837 Pre-training Summarization Models of Structured Datasets for Cardinality Estimation 2022 VLDB 5.9600736e-05
5,982 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.9096991e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0023948467
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061463175
37 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00047654188
57 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.0003999751
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035920657
98 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034050614
103 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00033847446
142 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00029114937
234 Adaptive Selectivity Estimation Using Query Feedback 1994 SIGMOD 0.00023726296
287 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022060616
372 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00019768921
689 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014725904
690 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014703258
701 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.0001464136
1,061 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012207625
1,109 Maximizing the Output Rate of Multi-Way Join Queries over Streaming Information Sources 2003 VLDB 0.00011949421
1,156 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011759683
1,436 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010658836
1,511 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010408003
2,228 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.7912743e-05
7,512 Synopses for Query Optimization: A Space-Complexity Perspective 2004 PODS 5.490671e-05
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