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Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation

Summary: Deep autoregressive models for unsupervised cardinality estimation, no independence assumptions. Monte Carlo integration over autoregressors enables range queries across dimensions, delivering single-digit tail error and up to 90x gains vs baselines. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h584c662598f7ddac
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00019050182
Overall Rank
406 | 97.28%
DOI
10.14778/3368289.3368294
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{yang_vldb20,
        title = {{Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation}},
        author = {Yang, Zongheng and Liang, Eric and Kamsetty, Amog and Wu, Chenggang and Duan, Yan and Chen, Xi and Abbeel, Pieter and Hellerstein, Joseph M. and Krishnan, Sanjay and Stoica, Ion},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '20},
        volume = {13},
        number = {3},
        pages = {279--292},
        doi = {10.14778/3368289.3368294},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3368289.3368294},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 104 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
318 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021166957
361 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00020000855
510 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017059914
981 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012713454
1,065 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012202293
1,128 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011901941
1,195 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 0.00011574218
1,525 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010355133
1,580 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010177136
1,735 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7566604e-05
2,002 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2076835e-05
2,209 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.8360101e-05
2,342 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.6074783e-05
2,393 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 8.5298464e-05
2,518 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.3532841e-05
2,583 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2589842e-05
2,635 Neural Subgraph Counting with Wasserstein Estimator 2022 SIGMOD 8.1954989e-05
2,686 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1300913e-05
2,765 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0401855e-05
2,844 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.9446987e-05
2,908 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.8716173e-05
3,053 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.7041081e-05
3,092 Correlation Sketches for Approximate Join-Correlation Queries 2021 SIGMOD 7.6548729e-05
3,161 A Learned Sketch for Subgraph Counting 2021 SIGMOD 7.5771609e-05
3,208 Efficiently Approximating Selectivity Functions using Low Overhead Regression Models 2020 VLDB 7.5355264e-05
3,327 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.4233639e-05
3,563 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.2023194e-05
3,565 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.200937e-05
3,680 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 7.1016555e-05
3,701 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 7.0820503e-05
3,742 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.0564546e-05
3,964 MB2: Decomposed Behavior Modeling for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2021 SIGMOD 6.889374e-05
4,080 Towards Dynamic and Safe Configuration Tuning for Cloud Databases 2022 SIGMOD 6.8151596e-05
4,191 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 6.7425275e-05
4,299 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.6766173e-05
4,459 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.5883555e-05
4,536 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.552998e-05
4,559 Warper: Efficiently Adapting Learned Cardinality Estimators to Data and Workload Drifts 2022 SIGMOD 6.5324275e-05
4,690 Learned Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Queries 2021 SIGMOD 6.4667478e-05
4,743 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.4379536e-05
4,945 Debunking the Myth of Join Ordering: Toward Robust SQL Analytics 2025 SIGMOD 6.3418058e-05
5,062 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 6.2896995e-05
5,110 Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 6.2678118e-05
5,211 SAM: Database Generation from Query Workloads with Supervised Autoregressive Models 2022 SIGMOD 6.2232582e-05
5,316 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 6.1827415e-05
5,347 Spitz: A Verifiable Database System 2020 VLDB 6.1701433e-05
5,630 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.056758e-05
5,715 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.0178585e-05
5,835 Pre-training Summarization Models of Structured Datasets for Cardinality Estimation 2022 VLDB 5.9737602e-05
5,973 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.9281867e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0023943337
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061067652
37 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.0004772731
57 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.00040095727
85 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035876108
98 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034099838
103 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00033884854
144 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00029090793
232 Adaptive Selectivity Estimation Using Query Feedback 1994 SIGMOD 0.0002378554
286 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022112534
371 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00019822444
688 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014749318
691 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014737455
700 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014675903
1,058 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012224038
1,108 Maximizing the Output Rate of Multi-Way Join Queries over Streaming Information Sources 2003 VLDB 0.00011986214
1,155 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011777046
1,432 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010676754
1,509 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010436933
2,217 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.8151982e-05
7,496 Synopses for Query Optimization: A Space-Complexity Perspective 2004 PODS 5.5081355e-05
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