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Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory

Summary: Introduces write-atomic B+-Trees for NVMM, using indirect slots/bitmaps to avoid entry movement and enable node-level atomicity or redo-only logging. Cuts persistence overhead, delivering up to 27.1× faster updates than prior logging/shadowing designs. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
hfb9680d4e0dd656b
Venue
VLDB
Year
2015
Pagerank
0.00015366735
Overall Rank
632 | 95.77%
DOI
10.14778/2752939.2752949
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{chen_vldb15,
        title = {{Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory}},
        author = {Chen, Shimin and Jin, Qin},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '15},
        volume = {8},
        number = {7},
        pages = {786--797},
        doi = {10.14778/2752939.2752949},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/2752939.2752949},
        year = {2015}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 41 of 41 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
504 FPTree: A Hybrid SCM-DRAM Persistent and Concurrent B-Tree for Storage Class Memory 2016 SIGMOD 0.00017195543
967 BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory 2018 VLDB 0.00012766144
1,288 Managing Non-Volatile Memory in Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00011172386
1,366 Dash: Scalable Hashing on Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 0.00010879316
1,431 Write-Behind Logging 2017 VLDB 0.00010667031
1,529 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010320909
1,863 LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory 2020 VLDB 9.4679185e-05
2,288 DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 8.6817411e-05
2,755 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.0383029e-05
2,870 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9033232e-05
3,505 How to Build a Non-Volatile Memory Database Management System 2017 SIGMOD 7.2290072e-05
4,534 Persistent Memory Hash Indexes: An Experimental Evaluation 2021 VLDB 6.5408712e-05
4,656 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 6.468994e-05
4,696 Enabling Low Tail Latency on Multicore Key-Value Stores 2020 VLDB 6.448377e-05
5,509 Plush: A Write-Optimized Persistent Log-Structured Hash-Table 2022 VLDB 6.0872396e-05
6,075 When Tree Meets Hash: Reducing Random Reads for Index Structures on Persistent Memories 2023 SIGMOD 5.8776022e-05
6,080 NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems 2022 VLDB 5.8759147e-05
6,089 Halo: A Hybrid PMem-DRAM Persistent Hash Index with Fast Recovery 2022 SIGMOD 5.8731638e-05
6,249 Optimizing In-memory Database Engine for AI-powered On-line Decision Augmentation Using Persistent Memory 2021 VLDB 5.8190376e-05
6,513 Revisiting the Design of LSM-tree Based OLTP Storage Engine with Persistent Memory 2021 VLDB 5.7438448e-05
6,839 Zen: a High-Throughput Log-Free OLTP Engine for Non-Volatile Main Memory 2021 VLDB 5.6514035e-05
6,901 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two 2022 VLDB 5.6367813e-05
6,963 The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 5.6181098e-05
7,212 NVM: Is it Not Very Meaningful for Databases? 2023 VLDB 5.5690855e-05
7,831 Buffered Persistence in B+ Trees 2024 SIGMOD 5.4290292e-05
7,998 DecLog: Decentralized Logging in Non-Volatile Memory for Time Series Database Systems 2024 VLDB 5.3935211e-05
8,046 PiBench Online: Interactive Benchmarking of Persistent Memory Indexes 2020 VLDB 5.3849769e-05
8,264 Pea Hash: A Performant Extendible Adaptive Hashing Index 2023 SIGMOD 5.3501391e-05
8,686 Cost Modelling for Optimal Data Placement in Heterogeneous Main Memory 2022 VLDB 5.2730338e-05
9,021 Hamming Tree: The Case for Energy-Aware Indexing for NVMs 2023 SIGMOD 5.221992e-05
9,359 Tair-PMem: A Fully Durable Non-Volatile Memory Database 2022 VLDB 5.1745153e-05
9,558 Extending the Lifetime of NVM: Challenges and Opportunities 2021 VLDB 5.1478046e-05
9,624 NV-SQL: Boosting OLTP Performance with Non-Volatile DIMMs 2023 VLDB 5.1372533e-05
9,786 Data Structure Engineering For Byte-Addressable Non-Volatile Memory 2017 SIGMOD 5.115551e-05
10,241 Sage: Parallel Semi-Asymmetric Graph Algorithms for NVRAMs 2020 VLDB 5.041918e-05
10,293 From Scale-Up to Scale-Out: PolarDB’s Journey to Achieving 2 Billion tpmC 2025 VLDB 5.031399e-05
10,491 ART That Lasts: Persistent Multiversion Adaptive Radix Trees with Fast Atomic Range Queries 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,739 PartitionKV: Redesigning LSM-tree KV Stores on NVMs with Adaptive Partitioning for Reducing Write Stalls and Amplification 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,748 RadixGraph: A Fast, Space-Optimized Data Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,798 SIDLE: Tree-structure Aware Indexes for CXL-based Heterogeneous Memory 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
12,377 A Study of Sorting Algorithms on Approximate Memory 2016 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 8 of 8 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3 Pregel: A System for Large-Scale Graph Processing 2010 SIGMOD 0.0012089097
35 Hekaton: SQL Server’s Memory-Optimized OLTP Engine 2013 SIGMOD 0.00047937476
68 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00037861537
548 Improving Index Performance through Prefetching 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016534019
671 Rethinking Database Algorithms for Phase Change Memory 2011 CIDR 0.00014912266
859 Storage Management in the NVRAM Era 2014 VLDB 0.00013384817
2,049 Write-limited sorts and joins for persistent memory 2014 VLDB 9.1164564e-05
2,144 Integrating Reliable Memory in Databases 1997 VLDB 8.9631069e-05
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# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 2,288 DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB
2 12,369 Anti-Persistence on Persistent Storage: History-Independent Sparse Tables and Dictionaries 2016 PODS
3 11,980 Hamming Tree: The Case for Memory-Aware Bit Flipping Reduction for NVM Indexing 2021 CIDR
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8 1,863 LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory 2020 VLDB
9 6,080 NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems 2022 VLDB
10 7,831 Buffered Persistence in B+ Trees 2024 SIGMOD