Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory

Summary: Introduces write-atomic B+-Trees for NVMM, using indirect slots/bitmaps to avoid entry movement and enable node-level atomicity or redo-only logging. Cuts persistence overhead, delivering up to 27.1× faster updates than prior logging/shadowing designs. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID: hfb9680d4e0dd656b
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2015
Pagerank: 0.00015412011
Overall Rank: 630 | 95.77%
DOI: 10.14778/2752939.2752949
PDF: Download (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Shimin Chen (Chinese Academy of Sciences)
2. Qin Jin (Renmin University of China)

BibTeX Citation

@article{chen_vldb15,
        title = {{Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory}},
        author = {Chen, Shimin and Jin, Qin},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '15},
        volume = {8},
        number = {7},
        pages = {786--797},
        doi = {10.14778/2752939.2752949},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/2752939.2752949},
        year = {2015}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 41 of 41 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
502	FPTree: A Hybrid SCM-DRAM Persistent and Concurrent B-Tree for Storage Class Memory	2016	SIGMOD	0.00017250394
966	BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory	2018	VLDB	0.00012806678
1,283	Managing Non-Volatile Memory in Database Systems	2018	SIGMOD	0.00011205832
1,359	Dash: Scalable Hashing on Persistent Memory	2020	VLDB	0.00010914954
1,437	Write-Behind Logging	2017	VLDB	0.00010651307
1,525	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	0.00010355133
1,856	LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory	2020	VLDB	9.4960518e-05
2,277	DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory	2020	VLDB	8.7072748e-05
2,742	Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes	2020	VLDB	8.0645378e-05
2,861	APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory	2022	VLDB	7.9295281e-05
3,496	How to Build a Non-Volatile Memory Database Management System	2017	SIGMOD	7.2523692e-05
4,515	Persistent Memory Hash Indexes: An Experimental Evaluation	2021	VLDB	6.5624742e-05
4,635	PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery	2023	VLDB	6.4904555e-05
4,682	Enabling Low Tail Latency on Multicore Key-Value Stores	2020	VLDB	6.4696727e-05
5,488	Plush: A Write-Optimized Persistent Log-Structured Hash-Table	2022	VLDB	6.1074346e-05
6,065	NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems	2022	VLDB	5.8953182e-05
6,070	When Tree Meets Hash: Reducing Random Reads for Index Structures on Persistent Memories	2023	SIGMOD	5.8940295e-05
6,074	Halo: A Hybrid PMem-DRAM Persistent Hash Index with Fast Recovery	2022	SIGMOD	5.8926486e-05
6,239	Optimizing In-memory Database Engine for AI-powered On-line Decision Augmentation Using Persistent Memory	2021	VLDB	5.8381685e-05
6,499	Revisiting the Design of LSM-tree Based OLTP Storage Engine with Persistent Memory	2021	VLDB	5.7629005e-05
6,882	Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two	2022	VLDB	5.6554818e-05
6,942	The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory	2022	VLDB	5.6367484e-05
7,004	Zen: a High-Throughput Log-Free OLTP Engine for Non-Volatile Main Memory	2021	VLDB	5.621848e-05
7,194	NVM: Is it Not Very Meaningful for Databases?	2023	VLDB	5.5875615e-05
7,982	DecLog: Decentralized Logging in Non-Volatile Memory for Time Series Database Systems	2024	VLDB	5.4114146e-05
8,029	PiBench Online: Interactive Benchmarking of Persistent Memory Indexes	2020	VLDB	5.402748e-05
8,082	Buffered Persistence in B+ Trees	2024	SIGMOD	5.3917406e-05
8,247	Pea Hash: A Performant Extendible Adaptive Hashing Index	2023	SIGMOD	5.3678887e-05
8,669	Cost Modelling for Optimal Data Placement in Heterogeneous Main Memory	2022	VLDB	5.2905276e-05
9,003	Hamming Tree: The Case for Energy-Aware Indexing for NVMs	2023	SIGMOD	5.2393165e-05
9,334	Tair-PMem: A Fully Durable Non-Volatile Memory Database	2022	VLDB	5.1916822e-05
9,531	Extending the Lifetime of NVM: Challenges and Opportunities	2021	VLDB	5.1648829e-05
9,598	NV-SQL: Boosting OLTP Performance with Non-Volatile DIMMs	2023	VLDB	5.1542966e-05
9,754	Data Structure Engineering For Byte-Addressable Non-Volatile Memory	2017	SIGMOD	5.1325223e-05
10,208	Sage: Parallel Semi-Asymmetric Graph Algorithms for NVRAMs	2020	VLDB	5.0586451e-05
10,265	From Scale-Up to Scale-Out: PolarDB’s Journey to Achieving 2 Billion tpmC	2025	VLDB	5.0480912e-05
10,425	ART That Lasts: Persistent Multiversion Adaptive Radix Trees with Fast Atomic Range Queries	2026	SIGMOD	4.9769913e-05
10,678	PartitionKV: Redesigning LSM-tree KV Stores on NVMs with Adaptive Partitioning for Reducing Write Stalls and Amplification	2026	SIGMOD	4.9769913e-05
10,687	RadixGraph: A Fast, Space-Optimized Data Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage	2026	SIGMOD	4.9769913e-05
10,737	SIDLE: Tree-structure Aware Indexes for CXL-based Heterogeneous Memory	2026	VLDB	4.9769913e-05
12,334	A Study of Sorting Algorithms on Approximate Memory	2016	SIGMOD	4.9769913e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 8 of 8 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
3	Pregel: A System for Large-Scale Graph Processing	2010	SIGMOD	0.0012087459
35	Hekaton: SQL Server’s Memory-Optimized OLTP Engine	2013	SIGMOD	0.00047996489
68	Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory	2000	SIGMOD	0.00037957995
547	Improving Index Performance through Prefetching	2001	SIGMOD	0.00016575635
670	Rethinking Database Algorithms for Phase Change Memory	2011	CIDR	0.00014959574
856	Storage Management in the NVRAM Era	2014	VLDB	0.000134246
2,041	Write-limited sorts and joins for persistent memory	2014	VLDB	9.1461521e-05
2,131	Integrating Reliable Memory in Databases	1997	VLDB	8.9918109e-05

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#	Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue
1	2,277	DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory	2020	VLDB
2	12,326	Anti-Persistence on Persistent Storage: History-Independent Sparse Tables and Dictionaries	2016	PODS
3	11,936	Hamming Tree: The Case for Memory-Aware Bit Flipping Reduction for NVM Indexing	2021	CIDR
4	4,442	Memory Management Techniques for Large-Scale Persistent-Main-Memory Systems	2017	VLDB
5	9,559	B-Trees Are Back: Engineering Fast and Pageable Node Layouts	2025	SIGMOD
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7	502	FPTree: A Hybrid SCM-DRAM Persistent and Concurrent B-Tree for Storage Class Memory	2016	SIGMOD
8	1,856	LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory	2020	VLDB
9	6,065	NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems	2022	VLDB
10	8,082	Buffered Persistence in B+ Trees	2024	SIGMOD