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BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory

Summary: BzTree is a latch-free NVM-resident B-tree built around persistent multi-word CAS, simplifying concurrent updates while outperforming Bw-tree by up to 2×. Crash recovery requires only rolling back/forward in-flight operations (~145 μs), with one implementation spanning RAM and NVM. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
he1ac2b49a2bdb865
Venue
VLDB
Year
2018
Pagerank
0.00012806678
Overall Rank
966 | 93.51%
DOI
10.1145/3164135.3164147

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{arulraj_vldb18,
        title = {{BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory}},
        author = {Arulraj, Joy and Levandoski, Justin and Minhas, Umar Farooq and Larson, Per-Ake},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '18},
        volume = {11},
        number = {5},
        pages = {553--565},
        doi = {10.1145/3164135.3164147},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3164135.3164147},
        year = {2018}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 37 of 37 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,283 Managing Non-Volatile Memory in Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00011205832
1,359 Dash: Scalable Hashing on Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 0.00010914954
1,856 LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory 2020 VLDB 9.4960518e-05
2,277 DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 8.7072748e-05
2,742 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.0645378e-05
2,809 Exploiting Coroutines to Attack the "Killer Nanoseconds" 2018 VLDB 7.9788276e-05
2,861 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9295281e-05
3,658 Maximizing Persistent Memory Bandwidth Utilization for OLAP Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 7.1211998e-05
3,941 DINOMO: An Elastic, Scalable, High-Performance Key-Value Store for Disaggregated Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 6.9106858e-05
4,515 Persistent Memory Hash Indexes: An Experimental Evaluation 2021 VLDB 6.5624742e-05
4,635 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 6.4904555e-05
4,738 Rethinking Logging, Checkpoints, and Recovery for High-Performance Storage Engines 2020 SIGMOD 6.4417968e-05
5,488 Plush: A Write-Optimized Persistent Log-Structured Hash-Table 2022 VLDB 6.1074346e-05
5,755 SSDs Striking Back: The Storage Jungle and Its Implications on Persistent Indexes 2022 CIDR 6.0030957e-05
6,065 NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems 2022 VLDB 5.8953182e-05
6,070 When Tree Meets Hash: Reducing Random Reads for Index Structures on Persistent Memories 2023 SIGMOD 5.8940295e-05
6,074 Halo: A Hybrid PMem-DRAM Persistent Hash Index with Fast Recovery 2022 SIGMOD 5.8926486e-05
6,239 Optimizing In-memory Database Engine for AI-powered On-line Decision Augmentation Using Persistent Memory 2021 VLDB 5.8381685e-05
6,486 Bf-Tree: A Modern Read-Write-Optimized Concurrent Larger-Than-Memory Range Index 2024 VLDB 5.766886e-05
6,882 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two 2022 VLDB 5.6554818e-05
6,890 X-SSD: A Storage System with Native Support for Database Logging and Replication 2022 SIGMOD 5.652433e-05
6,942 The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 5.6367484e-05
7,004 Zen: a High-Throughput Log-Free OLTP Engine for Non-Volatile Main Memory 2021 VLDB 5.621848e-05
7,982 DecLog: Decentralized Logging in Non-Volatile Memory for Time Series Database Systems 2024 VLDB 5.4114146e-05
8,029 PiBench Online: Interactive Benchmarking of Persistent Memory Indexes 2020 VLDB 5.402748e-05
8,075 Two is Better Than One: The Case for 2-Tree for Skewed Data Sets 2023 CIDR 5.3921263e-05
8,247 Pea Hash: A Performant Extendible Adaptive Hashing Index 2023 SIGMOD 5.3678887e-05
8,649 OptiQL: Robust Optimistic Locking for Memory-Optimized Indexes 2023 SIGMOD 5.2932376e-05
8,669 Cost Modelling for Optimal Data Placement in Heterogeneous Main Memory 2022 VLDB 5.2905276e-05
9,334 Tair-PMem: A Fully Durable Non-Volatile Memory Database 2022 VLDB 5.1916822e-05
9,732 Tabular: Efficiently Building Efficient Indexes 2025 VLDB 5.1325223e-05
10,082 GTX: A Write-Optimized Latch-free Graph Data System with Transactional Support 2025 SIGMOD 5.0806786e-05
10,208 Sage: Parallel Semi-Asymmetric Graph Algorithms for NVRAMs 2020 VLDB 5.0586451e-05
10,317 AB-tree: Index for Concurrent Random Sampling and Updates 2022 VLDB 5.0363234e-05
10,425 ART That Lasts: Persistent Multiversion Adaptive Radix Trees with Fast Atomic Range Queries 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,760 Operation-Aware Hybrid Locking for Modern In-Memory Indexes 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,561 Breathing New Life into An Old Tree: Resolving Logging Dilemma of B+-tree on Modern Computational Storage Drives 2024 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 7 of 7 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

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