DBScholar

Back to papers

APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory

Summary: APEX adapts the updatable ALEX learned index for persistent memory, combining distribution-aware models with PM-specific techniques to minimize costly accesses while supporting concurrency and persistence. It delivers up to 15× higher performance than PM indexes and ~42 ms crash recovery. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h24f3ff3ace5706a4
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
7.9033232e-05
Overall Rank
2,870 | 80.77%
DOI
10.14778/3494124.3494141
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{lu_vldb22,
        title = {{APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory}},
        author = {Lu, Baotong and Ding, Jialin and Lo, Eric and Minhas, Umar Farooq and Wang, Tianz​heng},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {3},
        pages = {597--610},
        doi = {10.14778/3494124.3494141},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3494124.3494141},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 30 of 30 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,590 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.2368464e-05
3,632 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1274345e-05
4,385 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.613814e-05
4,389 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6111249e-05
4,656 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 6.468994e-05
4,901 Oasis: An Optimal Disjoint Segmented Learned Range Filter 2024 VLDB 6.3483238e-05
5,982 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.9096991e-05
6,500 Bf-Tree: A Modern Read-Write-Optimized Concurrent Larger-Than-Memory Range Index 2024 VLDB 5.7478171e-05
6,622 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.7136886e-05
6,802 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.6623052e-05
6,889 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6393954e-05
6,901 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two 2022 VLDB 5.6367813e-05
6,963 The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 5.6181098e-05
8,223 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.3584214e-05
8,558 AirIndex: Versatile Index Tuning Through Data and Storage 2023 SIGMOD 5.3016395e-05
8,668 OptiQL: Robust Optimistic Locking for Memory-Optimized Indexes 2023 SIGMOD 5.2757349e-05
8,782 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 5.2647219e-05
9,093 A Design Space Exploration and Evaluation for Main-Memory Hash Joins in Storage Class Memory 2023 VLDB 5.208561e-05
9,627 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.1369088e-05
10,206 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 5.0491152e-05
10,335 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 5.0225409e-05
10,552 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,557 Mathematical Foundations of Poisoning Attacks on Linear Regression over Cumulative Distribution Functions 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,649 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,720 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,821 Operation-Aware Hybrid Locking for Modern In-Memory Indexes 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,915 Rethinking Learned Index and LSM-tree Integration 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,134 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,301 FB+-tree: A Memory-Optimized B+-tree with Latch-Free Update 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,726 Data Pipes: Declarative Control over Data Movement 2023 CIDR 4.9605343e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 22 of 22 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046249672
68 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00037861537
427 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018429918
461 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017835351
504 FPTree: A Hybrid SCM-DRAM Persistent and Concurrent B-Tree for Storage Class Memory 2016 SIGMOD 0.00017195543
632 Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory 2015 VLDB 0.00015366735
774 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00014063511
834 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013539098
870 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.0001332034
906 HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013129817
964 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012798312
967 BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory 2018 VLDB 0.00012766144
1,132 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011873466
1,190 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011564169
1,366 Dash: Scalable Hashing on Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 0.00010879316
1,445 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010607118
1,529 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010320909
1,863 LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory 2020 VLDB 9.4679185e-05
1,884 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.422145e-05
2,288 DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 8.6817411e-05
2,755 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.0383029e-05
6,206 Patience is a Virtue: Revisiting Merge and Sort on Modern Processors 2014 SIGMOD 5.8334403e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 10,566 On Self-Designing Learned Indexes 2026 SIGMOD
2 7,314 Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction 2024 SIGMOD
3 4,656 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB
4 4,534 Persistent Memory Hash Indexes: An Experimental Evaluation 2021 VLDB
5 6,075 When Tree Meets Hash: Reducing Random Reads for Index Structures on Persistent Memories 2023 SIGMOD
6 834 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB
7 427 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD
8 6,901 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two 2022 VLDB
9 2,288 DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB
10 2,755 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB