LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory

Summary: Exploits 3DXPoint’s cache-line write behavior and 256B access granularity to redesign persistent B+-trees. Entry moving, logless NAW-based splits, and distributed headers reduce line writes, yielding up to 2.92× faster insertions. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID: h1d86881c6a696952
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2020
Pagerank: 9.4991601e-05
Overall Rank: 1,854 | 87.54%
DOI: 10.14778/3384345.3384355

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Jihang Liu (Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences)
2. Shimin Chen (Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences)
3. Lujun Wang (Alibaba)

BibTeX Citation

@article{liu_vldb20,
        title = {{LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory}},
        author = {Liu, Jihang and Chen, Shimin and Wang, Lujun},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '20},
        volume = {13},
        number = {7},
        pages = {1078--1090},
        doi = {10.14778/3384345.3384355},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3384345.3384355},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 27 of 27 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
1,550	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	0.00010282449
2,510	Viper: An Efficient Hybrid PMem-DRAM Key-Value Store	2021	VLDB	8.3698208e-05
2,866	APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory	2022	VLDB	7.9258875e-05
4,641	PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery	2023	VLDB	6.4899953e-05
5,483	Plush: A Write-Optimized Persistent Log-Structured Hash-Table	2022	VLDB	6.1103271e-05
5,758	SSDs Striking Back: The Storage Jungle and Its Implications on Persistent Indexes	2022	CIDR	6.0050738e-05
6,064	NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems	2022	VLDB	5.8979998e-05
6,077	When Tree Meets Hash: Reducing Random Reads for Index Structures on Persistent Memories	2023	SIGMOD	5.893943e-05
6,500	Revisiting the Design of LSM-tree Based OLTP Storage Engine with Persistent Memory	2021	VLDB	5.7648519e-05
6,665	WiscSort: External Sorting For Byte-Addressable Storage	2023	VLDB	5.7158771e-05
6,877	Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two	2022	VLDB	5.6581603e-05
6,940	The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory	2022	VLDB	5.63864e-05
7,005	Zen: a High-Throughput Log-Free OLTP Engine for Non-Volatile Main Memory	2021	VLDB	5.6236238e-05
8,075	Buffered Persistence in B+ Trees	2024	SIGMOD	5.3942942e-05
8,241	Pea Hash: A Performant Extendible Adaptive Hashing Index	2023	SIGMOD	5.370431e-05
8,341	DecLog: Decentralized Logging in Non-Volatile Memory for Time Series Database Systems	2024	VLDB	5.3517356e-05
8,660	Cost Modelling for Optimal Data Placement in Heterogeneous Main Memory	2022	VLDB	5.2930333e-05
9,324	PerMA-Bench: Benchmarking Persistent Memory Access	2022	VLDB	5.1941411e-05
9,325	Tair-PMem: A Fully Durable Non-Volatile Memory Database	2022	VLDB	5.1941411e-05
9,690	FluidKV: Seamlessly Bridging the Gap between Indexing Performance and Memory-Footprint on Ultra-Fast Storage	2024	VLDB	5.1405104e-05
9,691	BonsaiKV: Towards Fast, Scalable, and Persistent Key-Value Stores with Tiered, Heterogeneous Memory System	2024	VLDB	5.1405104e-05
10,413	ART That Lasts: Persistent Multiversion Adaptive Radix Trees with Fast Atomic Range Queries	2026	SIGMOD	4.9793485e-05
10,475	LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree	2026	SIGMOD	4.9793485e-05
10,629	DART: A Lock-free Two-layer Hashed ART Index for Disaggregated Memory	2026	SIGMOD	4.9793485e-05
10,727	SIDLE: Tree-structure Aware Indexes for CXL-based Heterogeneous Memory	2026	VLDB	4.9793485e-05
11,237	FB+-tree: A Memory-Optimized B+-tree with Latch-Free Update	2025	VLDB	4.9793485e-05
11,555	Breathing New Life into An Old Tree: Resolving Logging Dilemma of B+-tree on Modern Computational Storage Drives	2024	VLDB	4.9793485e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 8 of 8 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
69	Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory	2000	SIGMOD	0.00037950385
502	FPTree: A Hybrid SCM-DRAM Persistent and Concurrent B-Tree for Storage Class Memory	2016	SIGMOD	0.00017250534
548	Improving Index Performance through Prefetching	2001	SIGMOD	0.00016569534
631	Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory	2015	VLDB	0.0001541723
668	Rethinking Database Algorithms for Phase Change Memory	2011	CIDR	0.00014964806
964	BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory	2018	VLDB	0.00012810196
1,313	X-Engine: An Optimized Storage Engine for Large-scale E-commerce Transaction Processing	2019	SIGMOD	0.00011060108
2,791	Utilization of B-trees with Inserts, Deletes and Modifies	1989	PODS	8.009544e-05

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1	4,641	PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery	2023	VLDB
2	7,325	BP-tree: Overcoming the Point-Range Operation Tradeoff for In-Memory B-trees	2023	VLDB
3	1,841	Main-Memory Index Structures with Fixed-Size Partial Keys	2001	SIGMOD
4	6,077	When Tree Meets Hash: Reducing Random Reads for Index Structures on Persistent Memories	2023	SIGMOD
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6	2,274	DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory	2020	VLDB
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