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Natural Language to SQL: State of the Art and Open Problems

Summary: A comprehensive tutorial on LLM- and agent-based NL2SQL, spanning training-data collection/synthesis, translation, debugging, and scenario-aware evaluation. It distills practitioner guidance and articulates open research challenges for reliable database access. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
14371
Venue
VLDB
Year
2025
Pagerank
5.2043672e-05
Overall Rank
9,870 | 32.29%
DOI
10.14778/3750601.3750696

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{luo_vldb25,
        title = {{Natural Language to SQL: State of the Art and Open Problems}},
        author = {Luo, Yuyu and Li, Guoliang and Fan, Ju and Chai, Chengliang and Tang, Nan},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '25},
        volume = {18},
        number = {12},
        pages = {5466--5471},
        doi = {10.14778/3750601.3750696},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3750601.3750696},
        year = {2025}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 4 of 4 citing papers.

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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
279 Text-to-SQL Empowered by Large Language Models: A Benchmark Evaluation 2024 VLDB 0.00022468369
756 CodeS: Towards Building Open-source Language Models for Text-to-SQL 2024 SIGMOD 0.0001431656
1,444 CatSQL: Towards Real World Natural Language to SQL Applications 2023 VLDB 0.00010769944
2,039 ScienceBenchmark: A Complex Real-World Benchmark for Evaluating Natural Language to SQL Systems 2024 VLDB 9.2721259e-05
2,079 DBPal: A Fully Pluggable NL2SQL Training Pipeline 2020 SIGMOD 9.2060425e-05
2,395 OmniSQL: Synthesizing High-quality Text-to-SQL Data at Scale 2025 VLDB 8.6355093e-05
2,602 NL2SQL is a solved problem... Not! 2024 CIDR 8.3535452e-05
2,748 Few-shot Text-to-SQL Translation using Structure and Content Prompt Learning 2023 SIGMOD 8.1707811e-05
2,852 The Dawn of Natural Language to SQL: Are We Fully Ready? 2024 VLDB 8.0455088e-05
3,339 A Deep Dive into Deep Learning Approaches for Text-to-SQL Systems 2021 SIGMOD 7.5047676e-05
3,354 MT-Teql: Evaluating and Augmenting Neural NLIDB on Real-world Linguistic and Schema Variations 2022 VLDB 7.4918609e-05
4,809 Synthesizing Natural Language to Visualization (NL2VIS) Benchmarks from NL2SQL Benchmarks 2021 SIGMOD 6.4984309e-05
5,078 State of the Art and Open Challenges in Natural Language Interfaces to Data 2020 SIGMOD 6.3728705e-05
5,130 Natural Language Data Management and Interfaces: Recent Development and Open Challenges 2017 SIGMOD 6.354484e-05
6,870 Natural Language Interfaces for Databases with Deep Learning 2023 VLDB 5.7497843e-05
7,332 Is Long Context All You Need? Leveraging LLM's Extended Context for NL2SQL 2025 VLDB 5.6433374e-05
9,177 VerifAI: Verified Generative AI 2024 CIDR 5.3078984e-05
10,285 Reward-SQL: Boosting Text-to-SQL via Stepwise Execution-Aware Reasoning and Process-Supervised Rewards 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
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