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Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes

Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h72ba21dacba08e3e
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.0001332034
Overall Rank
870 | 94.17%
DOI
10.1145/3318464.3380579

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{nathan_sigmod20,
        title = {{Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes}},
        author = {Nathan, Vikram and Ding, Jialin and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '20},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3318464.3380579},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 24 of 74 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,975 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 5.2343759e-05
8,978 HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle 2022 SIGMOD 5.2334381e-05
9,143 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 5.2074327e-05
9,418 RawVis: A System for Efficient In-situ Visual Analytics 2021 SIGMOD 5.1672232e-05
9,596 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 5.1376962e-05
9,627 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.1369088e-05
9,778 LES3: Learning-based Exact Set Similarity Search 2021 VLDB 5.115551e-05
9,960 Route Travel Time Estimation on A Road Network Revisited: Heterogeneity, Proximity, Periodicity and Dynamicity 2023 VLDB 5.0910746e-05
9,961 Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System 2022 VLDB 5.0910746e-05
10,017 The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format 2024 SIGMOD 5.0825892e-05
10,042 BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data 2024 SIGMOD 5.0786422e-05
10,085 Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent 2023 VLDB 5.0707008e-05
10,117 Accelerating Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Hierarchical Graphs: Efficient Level Navigation with Shortcuts 2025 VLDB 5.0638787e-05
10,206 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 5.0491152e-05
10,222 SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index 2024 SIGMOD 5.0460607e-05
10,490 Are Learned DBMS Components Robust to Workload Drift?: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,552 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,557 Mathematical Foundations of Poisoning Attacks on Linear Regression over Cumulative Distribution Functions 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,728 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,822 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,921 GAS: A Lightweight Framework for Filtered Search over Wide-table Vectors 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,127 A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,183 Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,424 Benchmarking Adaptive Multidimensional Indices 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
12 C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS 2005 VLDB 0.00068985264
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046249672
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00039478403
151 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028611216
177 The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later 2012 VLDB 0.00026571747
253 Database Cracking 2007 CIDR 0.00023037921
427 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018429918
458 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00017870238
550 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016525249
667 Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014941252
1,061 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012207625
1,156 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011759683
1,611 The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models 2018 SIGMOD 0.00010066379
1,696 Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores 2009 SIGMOD 9.8272691e-05
2,211 Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel 2000 VLDB 8.8443254e-05
2,249 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.7479608e-05
2,337 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.6002736e-05
2,392 The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking 2014 VLDB 8.5172189e-05
5,313 Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes 1988 SIGMOD 6.1696238e-05
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