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Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads

Summary: Tsunami, a learned multi-dimensional index for correlated data and skewed workloads, addresses tuning gaps in prior learned MDIs. It delivers up to 6x faster queries and 8x smaller index than prior learned MDI, and up to 11x faster and 170x smaller than optimally-tuned traditional indexes. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h1c4dfa96dd19d858
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00011590153
Overall Rank
1,191 | 92.00%
DOI
10.14778/3425879.3425880

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{ding_vldb21,
        title = {{Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads}},
        author = {Ding, Jialin and Nathan, Vikram and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '21},
        volume = {14},
        number = {2},
        pages = {74--86},
        doi = {10.14778/3425879.3425880},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3425879.3425880},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 61 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,839 Why TPC Is Not Enough: An Analysis of the Amazon Redshift Fleet 2024 VLDB 9.5304799e-05
2,277 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 8.7075835e-05
2,636 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.1941043e-05
2,765 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0439015e-05
2,866 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9258875e-05
3,563 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.2042148e-05
3,697 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.0882335e-05
3,803 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.0127652e-05
4,375 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6292167e-05
4,508 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.5704964e-05
4,538 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.553705e-05
4,616 The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures 2022 SIGMOD 6.5000712e-05
4,721 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.4541703e-05
4,756 Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure 2020 VLDB 6.43221e-05
4,850 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.3808017e-05
4,890 Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions? 2023 VLDB 6.3682031e-05
5,041 LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems 2022 SIGMOD 6.3006152e-05
5,214 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.2248104e-05
5,446 Crystal: A Unified Cache Storage System for Analytical Databases 2021 VLDB 6.1266228e-05
5,537 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.0919359e-05
5,716 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.0194657e-05
5,854 Pando: Enhanced Data Skipping with Logical Data Partitioning 2023 VLDB 5.9708829e-05
5,929 Self-Organizing Data Containers 2022 CIDR 5.9439349e-05
5,974 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.9305575e-05
6,209 Automated Multidimensional Data Layouts in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 5.8495489e-05
6,240 Predicate Caching: Query-Driven Secondary Indexing for Cloud Data Warehouses 2024 SIGMOD 5.8382355e-05
6,416 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7920805e-05
6,595 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.7413481e-05
6,719 Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems 2022 VLDB 5.6985717e-05
6,821 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.6720444e-05
6,863 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6607844e-05
7,018 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.619958e-05
7,385 Towards Foundation Database Models 2025 CIDR 5.5385053e-05
7,535 Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction 2024 SIGMOD 5.5003117e-05
7,598 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 5.4871733e-05
7,864 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.4367919e-05
8,179 Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.3826446e-05
8,196 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.3794981e-05
8,200 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.3787447e-05
8,369 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 5.3450708e-05
8,687 Knowledge Graph Exploration Systems: are we lost? 2022 CIDR 5.2905577e-05
8,946 HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle 2022 SIGMOD 5.2532874e-05
8,947 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 5.2532248e-05
9,115 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 5.2271833e-05
9,145 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 5.220115e-05
9,563 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 5.1571823e-05
9,593 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.156392e-05
9,827 AMNES: Accelerating the computation of data correlation using FPGAs 2023 VLDB 5.1249969e-05
9,919 Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System 2022 VLDB 5.1103839e-05
10,002 BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data 2024 SIGMOD 5.0979044e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
4 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD 0.0011405675
12 C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS 2005 VLDB 0.00068998927
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046284649
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00039605949
151 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028672526
160 CORDS: Automatic Discovery of Correlations and Soft Functional Dependencies 2004 SIGMOD 0.00027837289
430 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018409112
460 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00017842695
463 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017804544
779 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00014030069
868 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013354403
1,132 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011898257
1,446 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010629222
1,488 Efficient Discovery of Approximate Dependencies 2018 VLDB 0.00010517437
1,662 BHUNT: Automatic Discovery of Fuzzy Algebraic Constraints in Relational Data 2003 VLDB 9.9465656e-05
2,198 Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel 2000 VLDB 8.8759215e-05
2,238 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.7751619e-05
2,329 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.6292256e-05
3,500 CORADD: Correlation Aware Database Designer for Materialized Views and Indexes 2010 VLDB 7.2534237e-05
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