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Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?

Summary: First comprehensive empirical evaluation of updatable learned indexes across ten real datasets and varied workloads. Compared with traditional indexes under changing distributions and concurrency, it yields deployment guidance and design takeaways. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hd628cd3ac9764cad
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
8.2368464e-05
Overall Rank
2,590 | 82.65%
DOI
10.14778/3551793.3551848
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{wongkham_vldb22,
        title = {{Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?}},
        author = {Wongkham, Chaichon and Lu, Baotong and Liu, Chris and Zhong, Zhicong and Lo, Eric and Wang, Tianzheng},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {11},
        pages = {3004--3017},
        doi = {10.14778/3551793.3551848},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3551793.3551848},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 27 of 27 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,632 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1274345e-05
4,169 LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations 2024 SIGMOD 6.7526687e-05
4,389 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6111249e-05
5,397 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.1347527e-05
6,622 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.7136886e-05
6,802 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.6623052e-05
7,103 LITS: An Optimized Learned Index for Strings 2024 VLDB 5.5824915e-05
7,314 Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction 2024 SIGMOD 5.5425359e-05
8,223 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.3584214e-05
8,419 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 5.3198816e-05
8,903 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 5.238416e-05
9,181 Towards Systematic Index Dynamization 2024 VLDB 5.1989155e-05
9,627 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.1369088e-05
9,814 Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.1121061e-05
10,335 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 5.0225409e-05
10,417 Replace or Augment: Rethinking the Role of Learned Indexes in Relational Databases 2027 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,551 LICO: An SIMD-Aware High-Performance Learned Inverted Index Compression Framework 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,552 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,561 NeurBench: A Benchmark Suite for Learned Database Components with Drift Modeling: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,566 On Self-Designing Learned Indexes 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,649 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,720 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,822 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,835 Kirin: Efficient In-Storage Learned Compaction for LSM-Trees via System-Algorithm Co-Design 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,915 Rethinking Learned Index and LSM-tree Integration 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,134 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,191 VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 29 of 29 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046249672
142 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00029114937
151 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028611216
355 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00020146245
427 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018429918
461 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017835351
774 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00014063511
834 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013539098
870 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.0001332034
906 HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013129817
964 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012798312
1,132 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011873466
1,190 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011564169
1,328 Building a Bw-Tree Takes More Than Just Buzz Words 2018 SIGMOD 0.00011013165
1,340 Fast Updates on Read-Optimized Databases Using Multi-Core CPUs 2012 VLDB 0.00010962559
1,400 Magic mirror in my hand, which is the best in the land? An Experimental Evaluation of Index Selection Algorithms 2020 VLDB 0.00010759064
1,445 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010607118
1,529 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010320909
1,884 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.422145e-05
2,025 Query Optimization in Microsoft SQL Server PDW 2012 SIGMOD 9.1520946e-05
2,254 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 8.7429699e-05
2,755 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.0383029e-05
2,870 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9033232e-05
4,274 Query Optimization in Oracle 12c Database In-Memory 2015 VLDB 6.6754819e-05
4,696 Enabling Low Tail Latency on Multicore Key-Value Stores 2020 VLDB 6.448377e-05
4,727 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.4327925e-05
5,807 OLTPShare: The Case for Sharing in OLTP Workloads 2018 VLDB 5.9709922e-05
5,914 HydraList: A Scalable In-Memory Index Using Asynchronous Updates and Partial Replication 2020 VLDB 5.9324967e-05
6,279 A Critical Analysis of Recursive Model Indexes 2022 VLDB 5.8090653e-05
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