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Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?

Summary: First comprehensive empirical evaluation of updatable learned indexes across ten real datasets and varied workloads. Compared with traditional indexes under changing distributions and concurrency, it yields deployment guidance and design takeaways. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hd628cd3ac9764cad
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
8.1941043e-05
Overall Rank
2,636 | 82.28%
DOI
10.14778/3551793.3551848

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{wongkham_vldb22,
        title = {{Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?}},
        author = {Wongkham, Chaichon and Lu, Baotong and Liu, Chris and Zhong, Zhicong and Lo, Eric and Wang, Tianzheng},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {11},
        pages = {3004--3017},
        doi = {10.14778/3551793.3551848},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3551793.3551848},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 26 of 26 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,697 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.0882335e-05
4,153 LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations 2024 SIGMOD 6.776246e-05
4,375 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6292167e-05
5,537 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.0919359e-05
6,821 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.6720444e-05
7,018 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.619958e-05
7,372 LITS: An Optimized Learned Index for Strings 2024 VLDB 5.5403496e-05
7,535 Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction 2024 SIGMOD 5.5003117e-05
8,200 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.3787447e-05
8,403 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 5.3389852e-05
8,873 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 5.2582842e-05
9,149 Towards Systematic Index Dynamization 2024 VLDB 5.2186338e-05
9,593 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.156392e-05
9,777 Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.1314952e-05
10,474 LICO: An SIMD-Aware High-Performance Learned Inverted Index Compression Framework 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,475 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,484 NeurBench: A Benchmark Suite for Learned Database Components with Drift Modeling: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,489 On Self-Designing Learned Indexes 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,575 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,648 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,751 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,764 Kirin: Efficient In-Storage Learned Compaction for LSM-Trees via System-Algorithm Co-Design 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,844 Rethinking Learned Index and LSM-tree Integration 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,064 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,122 VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity 2025 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
11,342 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 29 of 29 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046284649
145 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.0002908188
151 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028672526
362 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00019989474
430 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018409112
463 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017804544
779 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00014030069
848 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013506188
868 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013354403
907 HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013158824
971 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012766019
1,132 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011898257
1,191 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011590153
1,320 Building a Bw-Tree Takes More Than Just Buzz Words 2018 SIGMOD 0.00011045319
1,335 Fast Updates on Read-Optimized Databases Using Multi-Core CPUs 2012 VLDB 0.0001099401
1,397 Magic mirror in my hand, which is the best in the land? An Experimental Evaluation of Index Selection Algorithms 2020 VLDB 0.00010789242
1,446 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010629222
1,550 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010282449
1,878 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.4451309e-05
2,088 Query Optimization in Microsoft SQL Server PDW 2012 SIGMOD 9.0664537e-05
2,277 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 8.7075835e-05
2,742 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.0681227e-05
2,866 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9258875e-05
4,260 Query Optimization in Oracle 12c Database In-Memory 2015 VLDB 6.6992663e-05
4,685 Enabling Low Tail Latency on Multicore Key-Value Stores 2020 VLDB 6.4713469e-05
4,721 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.4541703e-05
5,801 OLTPShare: The Case for Sharing in OLTP Workloads 2018 VLDB 5.9901054e-05
5,906 HydraList: A Scalable In-Memory Index Using Asynchronous Updates and Partial Replication 2020 VLDB 5.9508926e-05
6,274 A Critical Analysis of Recursive Model Indexes 2022 VLDB 5.8271888e-05
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