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Milvus: A Purpose-Built Vector Data Management System

Summary: Milvus is a purpose-built vector data management system for large-scale dynamic vector data on CPU/GPU and clusters. It offers SDKs/REST, advanced queries beyond similarity search, and scalable updates, outperforming Vearch/SPTAG by up to 100x. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
ha0e7a0dcdc514118
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.0002585319
Overall Rank
189 | 98.74%
DOI
10.1145/3448016.3457550
PDF
Download (CC BY 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{wang_sigmod21,
        title = {{Milvus: A Purpose-Built Vector Data Management System}},
        author = {Wang, Jianguo and Yi, Xiaomeng and Guo, Rentong and Jin, Hai and Xu, Peng and Li, Shengjun and Wang, Xiangyu and Guo, Xiangzhou and Li, Chengming and Xu, Xiaohai and Yu, Kun and Yuan, Yuxing and Zou, Yinghao and Long, Jiquan and Cai, Yudong and Li, Zhenxiang and Zhang, Zhifeng and Mo, Yihua and Gu, Jun and Jiang, Ruiyi and Wei, Yi and Xie, Charles},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '21},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3448016.3457550},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448016.3457550},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 110 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
803 RaBitQ: Quantizing High-Dimensional Vectors with a Theoretical Error Bound for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 0.00013838349
1,225 ACORN: Performant and Predicate-Agnostic Search Over Vector Embeddings and Structured Data 2024 SIGMOD 0.00011447937
1,373 High-Throughput Vector Similarity Search in Knowledge Graphs 2023 SIGMOD 0.00010891169
1,456 Manu: A Cloud Native Vector Database Management System 2022 VLDB 0.00010588868
1,600 High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: with Reliable and Efficient Distance Comparison Operations 2023 SIGMOD 0.00010111099
1,603 Starling: An I/O-Efficient Disk-Resident Graph Index Framework for High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search on Data Segment 2024 SIGMOD 0.00010100279
1,958 SeRF: Segment Graph for Range-Filtering Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 9.3118048e-05
1,979 SingleStore-V: An Integrated Vector Database System in SingleStore 2024 VLDB 9.271804e-05
2,717 iRangeGraph: Improvising Range-dedicated Graphs for Range-filtering Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 8.0953706e-05
2,783 Navigating Labels and Vectors: A Unified Approach to Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 8.0204877e-05
2,821 Practical and Asymptotically Optimal Quantization of High-Dimensional Vectors in Euclidean Space for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 7.9674226e-05
3,290 Vexless: A Serverless Vector Data Management System Using Cloud Functions 2024 SIGMOD 7.4493472e-05
3,378 SymphonyQG: Towards Symphonious Integration of Quantization and Graph for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 7.3542798e-05
3,810 An Empirical Evaluation of Columnar Storage Formats 2024 VLDB 7.0064171e-05
4,051 Revisiting the Index Construction of Proximity Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 6.8266649e-05
4,347 UNIFY: Unified Index for Range Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbors Search 2025 VLDB 6.6457039e-05
4,600 Steiner-Hardness: A Query Hardness Measure for Graph-Based ANN Indexes 2024 VLDB 6.5055567e-05
4,718 Maximum Inner Product is Query-Scaled Nearest Neighbor 2025 VLDB 6.4524035e-05
5,620 A Topology-Aware Localized Update Strategy for Graph-Based ANN Index 2026 VLDB 6.0596841e-05
5,717 Tribase: A Vector Data Query Engine for Reliable and Lossless Pruning Compression using Triangle Inequalities 2025 SIGMOD 6.0166864e-05
5,778 The Tensor Data Platform: Towards an AI-centric Database System 2023 CIDR 5.9953658e-05
5,886 MIRAGE-ANNS: Mixed Approach Graph-based Indexing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.955484e-05
5,903 ARKGraph: All-Range Approximate K-Nearest-Neighbor Graph 2023 VLDB 5.9512758e-05
6,127 DIGRA: A Dynamic Graph Indexing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with Range Filter 2025 SIGMOD 5.8757178e-05
6,132 Dynamic Range-Filtering Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 5.8755887e-05
6,187 NaviX: A Native Vector Index Design for Graph DBMSs With Robust Predicate-Agnostic Search Performance 2025 VLDB 5.855829e-05
6,230 Chameleon: a Heterogeneous and Disaggregated Accelerator System for Retrieval-Augmented Language Models 2025 VLDB 5.842393e-05
6,461 Efficient Dynamic Indexing for Range Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.7744005e-05
6,467 Integrating Vector Databases across Embedding Models 2026 SIGMOD 5.7729149e-05
6,475 AlayaDB: The Data Foundation for Efficient and Effective Long-context LLM Inference 2025 SIGMOD 5.771243e-05
6,562 RetroInfer: A Vector Storage Engine for Scalable Long-Context LLM Inference 2026 VLDB 5.7454973e-05
6,583 Deep Lake: a Lakehouse for Deep Learning 2023 CIDR 5.7418672e-05
6,777 VectraFlow: Integrating Vectors into Stream Processing 2025 CIDR 5.6833587e-05
6,836 Filtered Vector Search: State-of-the-art and Research Opportunities 2025 VLDB 5.6658357e-05
6,873 AquaPipe: A Quality-Aware Pipeline for Knowledge Retrieval and Large Language Models 2025 SIGMOD 5.6572631e-05
6,911 FedSQ: A Secure System for Federated Vector Similarity Queries 2024 VLDB 5.6463599e-05
7,006 Accelerating Graph Indexing for ANNS on Modern CPUs 2025 SIGMOD 5.6212001e-05
7,079 Understanding the Performance Implications of the Design Principles in Storage-Disaggregated Databases 2024 SIGMOD 5.603281e-05
7,318 An Interactive Multi-modal Query Answering System with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models 2024 VLDB 5.5522339e-05
7,435 Cracking Vector Search Indexes 2025 VLDB 5.5266018e-05
7,570 SIEVE: Effective Filtered Vector Search with Collection of Indexes 2025 VLDB 5.4929234e-05
7,594 Scalable Graph Indexing using GPUs for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.4865404e-05
7,600 DEG: Efficient Hybrid Vector Search Using the Dynamic Edge Navigation Graph 2025 SIGMOD 5.4854217e-05
7,706 VSAG: An Optimized Search Framework for Graph-based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 5.4724414e-05
7,718 TigerVector: Supporting Vector Search in Graph Databases for Advanced RAGs 2025 SIGMOD 5.4681114e-05
7,811 PDX: A Data Layout for Vector Similarity Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.4476368e-05
7,957 Fast Vector Search in PostgreSQL: A Decoupled Approach 2026 CIDR 5.4169862e-05
8,007 BigVectorBench: Heterogeneous Data Embedding and Compound Queries are Essential in Evaluating Vector Databases 2025 VLDB 5.4066174e-05
8,265 Attribute Filtering in Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: An In-depth Experimental Study 2026 SIGMOD 5.3639904e-05
8,350 Fast Graph Vector Search via Hardware Acceleration and Delayed-Synchronization Traversal 2025 VLDB 5.3481387e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 20 of 20 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
5 Optimal Aggregation Algorithms for Middleware [Extended Abstract] 2001 PODS 0.0010679903
20 Similarity Search in High Dimensions via Hashing 1999 VLDB 0.0005758001
52 The Snowflake Elastic Data Warehouse 2016 SIGMOD 0.00041210636
63 Amazon Aurora: Design Considerations for High Throughput Cloud-Native Relational Databases 2017 SIGMOD 0.00038521221
74 Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search With The Navigating Spreading-out Graph 2019 VLDB 0.00037145866
148 Gorilla: A Fast, Scalable, In-Memory Time Series Database 2015 VLDB 0.00029001141
339 AnalyticDB-V: A Hybrid Analytical Engine Towards Query Fusion for Structured and Unstructured Data 2020 VLDB 0.00020561716
712 Cache locality is not enough: High-Performance Nearest Neighbor Search with Product Quantization Fast Scan 2016 VLDB 0.00014593534
909 PASE: PostgreSQL Ultra-High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Extension 2020 SIGMOD 0.0001312576
1,325 VHP: Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search via Virtual Hypersphere Partitioning 2020 VLDB 0.00011016872
1,369 word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings of Structured Data 2020 PODS 0.00010899682
1,481 PM-LSH: A Fast and Accurate LSH Framework for High-Dimensional Approximate NN Search 2020 VLDB 0.00010535847
1,894 iDEC: Indexable Distance Estimating Codes for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2020 VLDB 9.4129766e-05
2,011 An Experimental Study of Bitmap Compression vs. Inverted List Compression 2017 SIGMOD 9.1924806e-05
2,498 FEXIPRO: Fast and Exact Inner Product Retrieval in Recommender Systems 2017 SIGMOD 8.3800917e-05
3,221 Intelligent Probing for Locality Sensitive Hashing: Multi-Probe LSH and Beyond 2017 VLDB 7.5144104e-05
3,571 Aggregation Support for Modern Graph Analytics in TigerGraph 2020 SIGMOD 7.1947128e-05
3,644 Db2 Event Store: A Purpose-Built IoT Database Engine 2020 VLDB 7.1393043e-05
3,653 Best Position Algorithms for Top-k Queries 2007 VLDB 7.1279819e-05
4,745 Optimal Join Algorithms Meet Top-k 2020 SIGMOD 6.4369578e-05
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