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Starling: An I/O-Efficient Disk-Resident Graph Index Framework for High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search on Data Segment

Summary: Starling: a disk-resident, I/O-efficient HVSS framework for segment-wide vector search. Hybrid layout (in-memory navigation graph + reordered disk graph) and a block I/O strategy reduce disk traffic, enabling 33M 128-D vectors with >0.9 AP and ~1 ms latency, ~44x throughput vs prior methods. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hed0af06d314156ab
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2024
Pagerank
0.00010066881
Overall Rank
1,610 | 89.21%
DOI
10.1145/3639269

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{wang_sigmod24,
        title = {{Starling: An I/O-Efficient Disk-Resident Graph Index Framework for High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search on Data Segment}},
        author = {Wang, Mengzhao and Xu, Weizhi and Yi, Xiaomeng and Wu, Songlin and Peng, Zhangyang and Ke, Xiangyu and Gao, Yunjun and Xu, Xiaoliang and Guo, Rentong and Xie, Charles},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '24},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3639269},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3639269},
        year = {2024}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 38 of 38 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,836 Practical and Asymptotically Optimal Quantization of High-Dimensional Vectors in Euclidean Space for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 7.9410774e-05
4,077 Revisiting the Index Construction of Proximity Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 6.8040917e-05
5,633 A Topology-Aware Localized Update Strategy for Graph-Based ANN Index 2026 VLDB 6.039647e-05
6,256 Efficient Data-aware Distance Comparison Operations for High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 5.8162066e-05
7,023 Accelerating Graph Indexing for ANNS on Modern CPUs 2025 SIGMOD 5.6026129e-05
7,336 An Interactive Multi-modal Query Answering System with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models 2024 VLDB 5.5338747e-05
7,610 Scalable Graph Indexing using GPUs for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.4683985e-05
7,828 PDX: A Data Layout for Vector Similarity Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.4296235e-05
8,364 Fast Graph Vector Search via Hardware Acceleration and Delayed-Synchronization Traversal 2025 VLDB 5.3304544e-05
8,673 Turbocharging Vector Databases using Modern SSDs 2025 VLDB 5.2753374e-05
8,838 HAKES: Scalable Vector Database for Embedding Search Service 2025 VLDB 5.2523063e-05
9,084 Aster: Enhancing LSM-structures for Scalable Graph Database 2025 SIGMOD 5.2097768e-05
9,593 Distribution-Aware Exploration for Adaptive HNSW Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.1376962e-05
9,947 DiskJoin: Large-scale Vector Similarity Join with SSD 2026 SIGMOD 5.0910746e-05
10,128 Select Edges Wisely: Monotonic Path Aware Graph Layout Optimization for Disk-based ANN Search 2025 VLDB 5.0615166e-05
10,203 GPS: Revisiting the Data Layout for Disk-based High-Dimensional Vector Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0491152e-05
10,261 CoTra: Towards Efficient and Scalable Distributed Vector Search with RDMA 2026 SIGMOD 5.0380426e-05
10,356 Dynamically Detect and Fix Hardness for Efficient Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0156513e-05
10,357 TRIM: Accelerating High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search with Enhanced Triangle-Inequality-Based Pruning 2026 SIGMOD 5.0156513e-05
10,359 Fast-Convergent Proximity Graphs for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0156513e-05
10,473 Proximity Graphs for Similarity Search: Fast Construction, Lower Bounds, and Euclidean Separation 2026 PODS 4.9605343e-05
10,495 Balancing Global and Local: Representative Sampling for Large-Scale Vector Data 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,521 Efficient Index Layout and Search Strategy for Large-scale High-dimensional Vector Similarity Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,538 GEM: A Native Graph-based Index for Multi-Vector Retrieval 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,586 TaCo: Data-adaptive and Query-aware Subspace Collision for High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,588 Through the Lens of Hubness: A Revisit on Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,611 SWIFT: Enabling Large-Scale Temporal Graph Learning on a Single Machine 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,616 Accelerating High-Dimensional ANN Search via Skipping Redundant Distance Computations 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,648 High-Throughput, Cost-Effective Billion-Scale Vector Search with a Single GPU 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,707 Efficient and Robust Out-Of-Distribution Vector Similarity Search with Cross-Distribution Monotonic Graph 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,709 Efficient Vector Index Merging in Vector Databases 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,749 RAIRS: Optimizing Redundant Assignment and List Layout for IVF-Based ANN Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,797 I/O Optimizations for Graph-Based Disk-Resident Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: A Design Space Exploration 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,816 Balancing the Blend: An Experimental Analysis of Trade-offs in Hybrid Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,891 Aker: Density-Aware Approximate Caching for Vector Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,980 TEngineDB-V: An OLAP-Native Vector Search System for Large-k Workloads at Tencent 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,098 Advances of Query Processing in Vector Databases 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,118 Elastic Index Selection for Label-Hybrid AKNN Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3 Pregel: A System for Large-Scale Graph Processing 2010 SIGMOD 0.0012089097
75 Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search With The Navigating Spreading-out Graph 2019 VLDB 0.00037163157
181 Milvus: A Purpose-Built Vector Data Management System 2021 SIGMOD 0.00026425782
286 Query-Aware Locality-Sensitive Hashing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2016 VLDB 0.00022090962
325 AnalyticDB-V: A Hybrid Analytical Engine Towards Query Fusion for Structured and Unstructured Data 2020 VLDB 0.00020930941
335 A Comprehensive Survey and Experimental Comparison of Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2021 VLDB 0.0002067515
710 Cache locality is not enough: High-Performance Nearest Neighbor Search with Product Quantization Fast Scan 2016 VLDB 0.00014598403
901 PASE: PostgreSQL Ultra-High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Extension 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013149954
1,280 Manu: A Cloud Native Vector Database Management System 2022 VLDB 0.00011199537
1,318 VHP: Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search via Virtual Hypersphere Partitioning 2020 VLDB 0.00011035606
1,440 Speedup Graph Processing by Graph Ordering 2016 SIGMOD 0.00010630613
1,684 HVS: Hierarchical Graph Structure Based on Voronoi Diagrams for Solving Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2022 VLDB 9.8770749e-05
1,881 iDEC: Indexable Distance Estimating Codes for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2020 VLDB 9.4262036e-05
2,253 Streaming Graph Partitioning: An Experimental Study 2018 VLDB 8.743011e-05
3,381 Experimental Analysis of Streaming Algorithms for Graph Partitioning 2019 SIGMOD 7.3408641e-05
4,995 LANNS: A Web-Scale Approximate Nearest Neighbor Lookup System 2022 VLDB 6.30976e-05
7,279 An I/O-Efficient Disk-based Graph System for Scalable Second-Order Random Walk of Large Graphs 2022 VLDB 5.551099e-05
7,341 LIDER: An Efficient High-dimensional Learned Index for Large-scale Dense Passage Retrieval 2023 VLDB 5.5333312e-05
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