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Milvus: A Purpose-Built Vector Data Management System

Summary: Milvus is a purpose-built vector data management system for large-scale dynamic vector data on CPU/GPU and clusters. It offers SDKs/REST, advanced queries beyond similarity search, and scalable updates, outperforming Vearch/SPTAG by up to 100x. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
ha0e7a0dcdc514118
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00025636725
Overall Rank
194 | 98.70%
DOI
10.1145/3448016.3457550

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{wang_sigmod21,
        title = {{Milvus: A Purpose-Built Vector Data Management System}},
        author = {Wang, Jianguo and Yi, Xiaomeng and Guo, Rentong and Jin, Hai and Xu, Peng and Li, Shengjun and Wang, Xiangyu and Guo, Xiangzhou and Li, Chengming and Xu, Xiaohai and Yu, Kun and Yuan, Yuxing and Zou, Yinghao and Long, Jiquan and Cai, Yudong and Li, Zhenxiang and Zhang, Zhifeng and Mo, Yihua and Gu, Jun and Jiang, Ruiyi and Wei, Yi and Xie, Charles},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '21},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3448016.3457550},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448016.3457550},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 109 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,408 Fast Approximate Similarity Join in Vector Databases 2025 SIGMOD 5.336718e-05
8,848 HARMONY: A Scalable Distributed Vector Database for High-Throughput Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.2646236e-05
8,849 VStream: A Distributed Streaming Vector Search System 2025 VLDB 5.2646236e-05
9,136 DARTH: Declarative Recall Through Early Termination for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.2224279e-05
9,526 SAQ: Pushing the Limits of Vector Quantization through Code Adjustment and Dimension Segmentation 2026 SIGMOD 5.166074e-05
9,551 Fast Graph Vector Search via Hardware Acceleration and Delayed-Synchronization Traversal 2025 VLDB 5.1591583e-05
9,560 Distribution-Aware Exploration for Adaptive HNSW Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.1571823e-05
9,649 GaussDB-Vector: A Large-Scale Persistent Real-Time Vector Database for LLM Applications 2025 VLDB 5.1453267e-05
9,910 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 5.1103839e-05
10,089 HAKES: Scalable Vector Database for Embedding Search Service 2025 VLDB 5.0807138e-05
10,090 Select Edges Wisely: Monotonic Path Aware Graph Layout Optimization for Disk-based ANN Search 2025 VLDB 5.0807138e-05
10,163 GPS: Revisiting the Data Layout for Disk-based High-Dimensional Vector Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0682654e-05
10,225 CoTra: Towards Efficient and Scalable Distributed Vector Search with RDMA 2026 SIGMOD 5.0571508e-05
10,324 TRIM: Accelerating High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search with Enhanced Triangle-Inequality-Based Pruning 2026 SIGMOD 5.0346745e-05
10,325 WoW: A Window-to-Window Incremental Index for Range-Filtering Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0346745e-05
10,409 An In-Depth Study of Filter-Agnostic Vector Search on a PostgreSQL Database System: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,417 Balancing Global and Local: Representative Sampling for Large-Scale Vector Data 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,443 Efficient Index Layout and Search Strategy for Large-scale High-dimensional Vector Similarity Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,449 Enhancing Graph-based Approximate Maximum Inner Product Search via Norm-Adaptive Partitioning 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,457 FAVOR: Efficient Filter-Agnostic Vector ANNS Based on Selectivity-Aware Exclusion Distances 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,491 PathSeer: Adaptive Neighbor Handling for Efficient Filtered ANN Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,509 TaCo: Data-adaptive and Query-aware Subspace Collision for High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,511 Through the Lens of Hubness: A Revisit on Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,540 Accelerating High-Dimensional ANN Search via Skipping Redundant Distance Computations 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,547 Beyond Vector Search: Querying With and Without Predicates 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,551 Building Stateless Serverless Vector DBs via Block-based Data Partitioning 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,596 SEFRQO: A Self-Evolving Fine-Tuned RAG-Based Query Optimizer 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,624 CANDOR-Bench: Benchmarking In-Memory Continuous ANNS under Dynamic Open-World Streams [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,628 Curator: Efficient Vector Search with Low-Selectivity Filters 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,635 Efficient and Robust Out-Of-Distribution Vector Similarity Search with Cross-Distribution Monotonic Graph 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,637 Efficient Vector Index Merging in Vector Databases 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,642 FGIM: a Fast Graph-based Indexes Merging Framework for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,643 FlashANNS: GPU-Driven Asynchronous I/O Pipelining for Eliminating Storage-Compute Bottlenecks in Billion-Scale Similarity Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,677 RAIRS: Optimizing Redundant Assignment and List Layout for IVF-Based ANN Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,726 I/O Optimizations for Graph-Based Disk-Resident Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: A Design Space Exploration 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,745 Balancing the Blend: An Experimental Analysis of Trade-offs in Hybrid Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,753 An Experimental Evaluation of Hybrid Querying on Vectors 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,769 Harmonizing Efficiency and Accuracy in Filtered Vector Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,820 Aker: Density-Aware Approximate Caching for Vector Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,823 Revisiting Filtered ANN Benchmarks: A Hardness-Controlled Benchmark Generator for Realistic Evaluation 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,829 RNSG: A Range-Aware Graph Index for Efficient Range-Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,836 HEXA: A Disjoint-Subgraph-Based Indexing Framework for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search at Billion Scale 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,839 Craw: A Unified and Efficient Querying Framework for Large-Scale Video Datasets 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,851 GAS: A Lightweight Framework for Filtered Search over Wide-table Vectors 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,868 CONDA: A Connectivity-Aware Dynamic Index for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search over Evolving Data 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,874 BBC: Improving Large-k Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with a Bucket-based Result Collector 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,890 RAGPerf: An End-to-End Benchmarking Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,900 ANNiE: A Learned Query Cost Estimator for Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,910 TEngineDB-V: An OLAP-Native Vector Search System for Large-k Workloads at Tencent 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,913 RED-ANNS: An RDMA-Enabled Distributed Framework for Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 20 of 20 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
5 Optimal Aggregation Algorithms for Middleware [Extended Abstract] 2001 PODS 0.0010679641
20 Similarity Search in High Dimensions via Hashing 1999 VLDB 0.00057568153
52 The Snowflake Elastic Data Warehouse 2016 SIGMOD 0.00041219077
63 Amazon Aurora: Design Considerations for High Throughput Cloud-Native Relational Databases 2017 SIGMOD 0.00038531147
74 Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search With The Navigating Spreading-out Graph 2019 VLDB 0.00037091678
148 Gorilla: A Fast, Scalable, In-Memory Time Series Database 2015 VLDB 0.0002900671
341 AnalyticDB-V: A Hybrid Analytical Engine Towards Query Fusion for Structured and Unstructured Data 2020 VLDB 0.00020539791
713 Cache locality is not enough: High-Performance Nearest Neighbor Search with Product Quantization Fast Scan 2016 VLDB 0.00014571977
916 PASE: PostgreSQL Ultra-High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Extension 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013094482
1,328 VHP: Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search via Virtual Hypersphere Partitioning 2020 VLDB 0.00011003106
1,370 word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings of Structured Data 2020 PODS 0.00010899399
1,485 PM-LSH: A Fast and Accurate LSH Framework for High-Dimensional Approximate NN Search 2020 VLDB 0.00010523759
1,897 iDEC: Indexable Distance Estimating Codes for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2020 VLDB 9.4092345e-05
2,201 An Experimental Study of Bitmap Compression vs. Inverted List Compression 2017 SIGMOD 8.8726671e-05
2,503 FEXIPRO: Fast and Exact Inner Product Retrieval in Recommender Systems 2017 SIGMOD 8.3786151e-05
3,236 Intelligent Probing for Locality Sensitive Hashing: Multi-Probe LSH and Beyond 2017 VLDB 7.5020521e-05
3,578 Aggregation Support for Modern Graph Analytics in TigerGraph 2020 SIGMOD 7.1926749e-05
3,649 Db2 Event Store: A Purpose-Built IoT Database Engine 2020 VLDB 7.1344087e-05
3,656 Best Position Algorithms for Top-k Queries 2007 VLDB 7.1256193e-05
4,752 Optimal Join Algorithms Meet Top-k 2020 SIGMOD 6.434561e-05
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Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 10,637 Efficient Vector Index Merging in Vector Databases 2026 SIGMOD
2 13,580 VecFlow-Chamfer: A GPU-based Data Management System for High-Performance Multi-Vector Search on Superchips 2026 SIGMOD
3 4,672 Data Platform for Machine Learning 2019 SIGMOD
4 1,373 High-Throughput Vector Similarity Search in Knowledge Graphs 2023 SIGMOD
5 1,613 Starling: An I/O-Efficient Disk-Resident Graph Index Framework for High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search on Data Segment 2024 SIGMOD
6 8,849 VStream: A Distributed Streaming Vector Search System 2025 VLDB
7 9,649 GaussDB-Vector: A Large-Scale Persistent Real-Time Vector Database for LLM Applications 2025 VLDB
8 10,551 Building Stateless Serverless Vector DBs via Block-based Data Partitioning 2026 SIGMOD
9 2,085 SingleStore-V: An Integrated Vector Database System in SingleStore 2024 VLDB
10 8,032 VecFlow: A High-Performance Vector Data Management System for Filtered-Search on GPUs 2026 SIGMOD