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A Comprehensive Survey and Experimental Comparison of Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search

Summary: Systematically taxonomizes and benchmarks 13 graph-based ANNS algorithms across 20 real and synthetic datasets using a unified, fine-grained pipeline. Reveals component-level tradeoffs, practitioner guidelines, and an optimized method that surpasses prior state of the art. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h83962197cd936477
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00020445545
Overall Rank
345 | 97.69%
DOI
10.14778/3476249.3476255

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{wang_vldb21,
        title = {{A Comprehensive Survey and Experimental Comparison of Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search}},
        author = {Wang, Mengzhao and Xu, Xiaoliang and Yue, Qiang and Wang, Yuxiang},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '21},
        volume = {14},
        number = {11},
        pages = {1964--1978},
        doi = {10.14778/3476249.3476255},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3476249.3476255},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 83 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
804 RaBitQ: Quantizing High-Dimensional Vectors with a Theoretical Error Bound for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 0.00013832333
1,170 Efficient Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Multi-dimensional Databases 2023 SIGMOD 0.0001171991
1,601 High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: with Reliable and Efficient Distance Comparison Operations 2023 SIGMOD 0.00010103316
1,613 Starling: An I/O-Efficient Disk-Resident Graph Index Framework for High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search on Data Segment 2024 SIGMOD 0.00010072237
1,625 Towards Efficient Index Construction and Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2023 VLDB 0.0001004502
1,957 SeRF: Segment Graph for Range-Filtering Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 9.3159589e-05
2,060 Similarity search in the blink of an eye with compressed indices 2023 VLDB 9.0983169e-05
2,265 ELPIS: Graph-Based Similarity Search for Scalable Data Science 2023 VLDB 8.7238222e-05
2,726 iRangeGraph: Improvising Range-dedicated Graphs for Range-filtering Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 8.0904995e-05
2,783 Navigating Labels and Vectors: A Unified Approach to Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 SIGMOD 8.0242863e-05
2,821 Practical and Asymptotically Optimal Quantization of High-Dimensional Vectors in Euclidean Space for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 7.9711961e-05
2,871 Graph-Based Vector Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art 2025 SIGMOD 7.9229231e-05
3,385 SymphonyQG: Towards Symphonious Integration of Quantization and Graph for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 7.3548612e-05
3,881 RoarGraph: A Projected Bipartite Graph for Efficient Cross-Modal Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 VLDB 6.9509289e-05
4,050 Revisiting the Index Construction of Proximity Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 6.8298981e-05
4,346 UNIFY: Unified Index for Range Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbors Search 2025 VLDB 6.6488514e-05
4,598 Steiner-Hardness: A Query Hardness Measure for Graph-Based ANN Indexes 2024 VLDB 6.5086378e-05
4,715 Maximum Inner Product is Query-Scaled Nearest Neighbor 2025 VLDB 6.4554594e-05
5,411 GTS: GPU-based Tree Index for Fast Similarity Search 2024 SIGMOD 6.1408042e-05
5,527 DET-LSH: A Locality-Sensitive Hashing Scheme with Dynamic Encoding Tree for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 VLDB 6.0936219e-05
5,619 A Topology-Aware Localized Update Strategy for Graph-Based ANN Index 2026 VLDB 6.062554e-05
5,886 MIRAGE-ANNS: Mixed Approach Graph-based Indexing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.9583046e-05
6,126 DIGRA: A Dynamic Graph Indexing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with Range Filter 2025 SIGMOD 5.8785006e-05
6,239 Efficient Data-aware Distance Comparison Operations for High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 5.8382662e-05
6,459 Efficient Dynamic Indexing for Range Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.7771353e-05
6,609 Dumpy: A Compact and Adaptive Index for Large Data Series Collections 2023 SIGMOD 5.7354155e-05
6,867 AquaPipe: A Quality-Aware Pipeline for Knowledge Retrieval and Large Language Models 2025 SIGMOD 5.6599424e-05
6,919 GTI: Graph-based Tree Index with Logarithm Updates for Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2025 VLDB 5.644237e-05
7,004 Accelerating Graph Indexing for ANNS on Modern CPUs 2025 SIGMOD 5.6238624e-05
7,264 Subspace Collision: An Efficient and Accurate Framework for High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.5703557e-05
7,305 RWalks: Random Walks as Attribute Diffusers for Filtered Vector Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.5586007e-05
7,587 Scalable Graph Indexing using GPUs for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.4891389e-05
7,593 DEG: Efficient Hybrid Vector Search Using the Dynamic Edge Navigation Graph 2025 SIGMOD 5.4880197e-05
7,804 PDX: A Data Layout for Vector Similarity Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.4502168e-05
8,032 VecFlow: A High-Performance Vector Data Management System for Filtered-Search on GPUs 2026 SIGMOD 5.4035152e-05
8,259 Attribute Filtering in Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: An In-depth Experimental Study 2026 SIGMOD 5.3665309e-05
8,400 TOD: GPU-accelerated Outlier Detection via Tensor Operations 2023 VLDB 5.3395906e-05
8,408 Fast Approximate Similarity Join in Vector Databases 2025 SIGMOD 5.336718e-05
8,644 Cohesiveness-aware Hierarchical Compressed Index for Community Search on Attributed Graphs 2025 SIGMOD 5.2954976e-05
9,136 DARTH: Declarative Recall Through Early Termination for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.2224279e-05
9,551 Fast Graph Vector Search via Hardware Acceleration and Delayed-Synchronization Traversal 2025 VLDB 5.1591583e-05
9,560 Distribution-Aware Exploration for Adaptive HNSW Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.1571823e-05
9,649 GaussDB-Vector: A Large-Scale Persistent Real-Time Vector Database for LLM Applications 2025 VLDB 5.1453267e-05
9,910 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 5.1103839e-05
10,063 Fast Search-By-Classification for Large-Scale Databases Using Index-Aware Decision Trees and Random Forests 2023 VLDB 5.0875952e-05
10,078 Accelerating Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Hierarchical Graphs: Efficient Level Navigation with Shortcuts 2025 VLDB 5.0830849e-05
10,225 CoTra: Towards Efficient and Scalable Distributed Vector Search with RDMA 2026 SIGMOD 5.0571508e-05
10,321 PGTuner: An Efficient Framework for Automatic and Transferable Configuration Tuning of Proximity Graphs 2026 SIGMOD 5.0346745e-05
10,323 Dynamically Detect and Fix Hardness for Efficient Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0346745e-05
10,325 WoW: A Window-to-Window Incremental Index for Range-Filtering Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0346745e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 9 of 9 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
45 A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces 1998 VLDB 0.0004503446
74 Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search With The Navigating Spreading-out Graph 2019 VLDB 0.00037091678
298 Query-Aware Locality-Sensitive Hashing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2016 VLDB 0.00021833987
341 AnalyticDB-V: A Hybrid Analytical Engine Towards Query Fusion for Structured and Unstructured Data 2020 VLDB 0.00020539791
353 The Query By Image Content (QBIC) System 1995 SIGMOD 0.00020222998
650 HD-Index: Pushing the Scalability-Accuracy Boundary for Approximate kNN Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2018 VLDB 0.00015149775
839 Improving Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search through Learned Adaptive Early Termination 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013547412
1,897 iDEC: Indexable Distance Estimating Codes for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2020 VLDB 9.4092345e-05
4,886 Permutation Search Methods are Efficient, Yet Faster Search is Possible 2015 VLDB 6.3694868e-05
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# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 10,642 FGIM: a Fast Graph-based Indexes Merging Framework for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD
2 4,050 Revisiting the Index Construction of Proximity Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB
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4 839 Improving Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search through Learned Adaptive Early Termination 2020 SIGMOD
5 8,259 Attribute Filtering in Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: An In-depth Experimental Study 2026 SIGMOD
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