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Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads

Summary: Tsunami, a learned multi-dimensional index for correlated data and skewed workloads, addresses tuning gaps in prior learned MDIs. It delivers up to 6x faster queries and 8x smaller index than prior learned MDI, and up to 11x faster and 170x smaller than optimally-tuned traditional indexes. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12778
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00011817414
Overall Rank
1,174 | 91.95%
DOI
10.14778/3425879.3425880

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{ding_vldb21,
        title = {{Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads}},
        author = {Ding, Jialin and Nathan, Vikram and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '21},
        volume = {14},
        number = {2},
        pages = {74--86},
        doi = {10.14778/3425879.3425880},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3425879.3425880},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 61 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,233 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 8.8968964e-05
2,408 Why TPC Is Not Enough: An Analysis of the Amazon Redshift Fleet 2024 VLDB 8.6154404e-05
2,806 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.1013097e-05
2,910 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9700885e-05
3,035 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 7.8297746e-05
3,729 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.1683974e-05
3,792 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1220982e-05
3,809 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.1074195e-05
4,300 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.773869e-05
4,414 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.7159984e-05
4,468 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.6819041e-05
4,516 The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures 2022 SIGMOD 6.6489359e-05
4,660 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.5797541e-05
4,751 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.5241784e-05
4,780 Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions? 2023 VLDB 6.5118885e-05
4,782 Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure 2020 VLDB 6.5115802e-05
5,107 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.3623786e-05
5,148 LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems 2022 SIGMOD 6.3465986e-05
5,348 Crystal: A Unified Cache Storage System for Analytical Databases 2021 VLDB 6.2562688e-05
5,423 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.2242567e-05
5,974 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 6.0230488e-05
6,042 Pando: Enhanced Data Skipping with Logical Data Partitioning 2023 VLDB 5.9970052e-05
6,076 Self-Organizing Data Containers 2022 CIDR 5.9852895e-05
6,132 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.9660278e-05
6,357 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.9020843e-05
6,459 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.8727182e-05
6,602 Predicate Caching: Query-Driven Secondary Indexing for Cloud Data Warehouses 2024 SIGMOD 5.8246665e-05
6,670 Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems 2022 VLDB 5.8074043e-05
6,687 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.8022308e-05
6,874 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.7489487e-05
7,368 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6315363e-05
7,392 Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction 2024 SIGMOD 5.6265456e-05
7,465 Automated Multidimensional Data Layouts in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 5.6108826e-05
7,755 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.5519655e-05
8,003 Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.5084586e-05
8,039 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.5021992e-05
8,048 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.5003171e-05
8,200 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 5.4677285e-05
8,323 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 5.4539294e-05
8,520 Knowledge Graph Exploration Systems: are we lost? 2022 CIDR 5.4119882e-05
8,791 HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle 2022 SIGMOD 5.3717005e-05
8,854 Towards Foundation Database Models 2025 CIDR 5.357608e-05
8,986 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 5.3387783e-05
9,377 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 5.2755515e-05
9,411 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.274743e-05
9,587 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 5.2525104e-05
9,648 AMNES: Accelerating the computation of data correlation using FPGAs 2023 VLDB 5.2430158e-05
9,739 Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System 2022 VLDB 5.227679e-05
9,881 The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format 2024 SIGMOD 5.2040783e-05
9,887 Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent 2023 VLDB 5.2006273e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
4 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD 0.001157935
12 C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS 2005 VLDB 0.00069513174
43 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046060254
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00040060625
156 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00028636811
159 CORDS: Automatic Discovery of Correlations and Soft Functional Dependencies 2004 SIGMOD 0.00028129426
447 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018322593
461 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00018068441
477 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017851226
790 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.0001401445
873 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013481915
1,135 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00012032847
1,418 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010835539
1,500 Efficient Discovery of Approximate Dependencies 2018 VLDB 0.00010561098
1,648 BHUNT: Automatic Discovery of Fuzzy Algebraic Constraints in Relational Data 2003 VLDB 0.00010120668
2,155 Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel 2000 VLDB 9.0713545e-05
2,213 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.9410226e-05
2,302 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.7808696e-05
3,449 CORADD: Correlation Aware Database Designer for Materialized Views and Indexes 2010 VLDB 7.4074656e-05
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