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Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes

Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
5793
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.0001184772
Overall Rank
1,464 | 89.83%
DOI
10.1145/3318464.3380579

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 20 of 70 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,847 Towards Foundation Database Models 2025 CIDR 4.4329366e-05
9,052 RawVis: A System for Efficient In-situ Visual Analytics 2021 SIGMOD 4.3997447e-05
9,233 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 4.3648789e-05
9,351 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 4.3490308e-05
9,605 Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System 2022 VLDB 4.3136057e-05
9,769 Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent 2023 VLDB 4.2815042e-05
9,787 The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format 2024 SIGMOD 4.2799988e-05
9,826 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 4.2710095e-05
9,841 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 4.2685233e-05
9,916 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 4.2520778e-05
10,180 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,282 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,324 A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,396 Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,691 Accelerating Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Hierarchical Graphs: Efficient Level Navigation with Shortcuts 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,754 Benchmarking Adaptive Multidimensional Indices 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,952 SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,983 BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,278 Route Travel Time Estimation on A Road Network Revisited: Heterogeneity, Proximity, Periodicity and Dynamicity 2023 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,508 LES3: Learning-based Exact Set Similarity Search 2021 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
20 C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS 2005 VLDB 0.00086163998
32 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00077553033
101 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049778866
237 An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server 1997 VLDB 0.00031727601
310 The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later 2012 VLDB 0.0002815547
407 Database Cracking 2007 CIDR 0.00023941779
649 Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure 2001 SIGMOD 0.00018652362
704 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00017785557
796 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016541749
819 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00016237497
1,536 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011458359
1,727 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010731889
2,153 The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models 2018 SIGMOD 9.418541e-05
2,231 Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores 2009 SIGMOD 9.2367968e-05
2,492 Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel 2000 VLDB 8.649434e-05
2,841 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.0396876e-05
2,868 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 7.9856878e-05
2,979 The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking 2014 VLDB 7.7833926e-05
5,013 Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes 1988 SIGMOD 5.7533424e-05
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