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ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index

Summary: Presents ALEX, an updatable adaptive learned index for mixed read/write workloads. Blends learned indexing with conventional storage to support updates; delivers up to 4.1x read speed and dramatically smaller index footprints vs B+Trees. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
5926
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00016224841
Overall Rank
826 | 94.26%
DOI
10.1145/3318464.3389711

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 45 of 95 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,222 Sieve: A Learned Data-Skipping Index for Data Analytics 2023 VLDB 4.5555621e-05
8,405 Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 4.5224126e-05
8,414 The next 50 Years in Database Indexing or: The Case for Automatically Generated Index Structures 2022 VLDB 4.5203005e-05
8,417 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 4.5194164e-05
8,442 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 4.5120602e-05
8,627 Limousine: Blending Learned and Classical Indexes to Self-Design Larger-than-Memory Cloud Storage Engines 2024 SIGMOD 4.4829101e-05
8,636 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 4.4801284e-05
8,655 Adaptive Hybrid Indexes 2022 SIGMOD 4.4739554e-05
8,671 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 4.4714076e-05
8,688 NeurDB: On the Design and Implementation of an AI-powered Autonomous Database 2025 CIDR 4.4673127e-05
8,811 Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond 2022 SIGMOD 4.4441574e-05
8,984 The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 4.4157721e-05
9,095 AirIndex: Versatile Index Tuning Through Data and Storage 2023 SIGMOD 4.3975034e-05
9,123 External Merge Sort for Top-K Queries: Eager input filtering guided by histograms 2020 SIGMOD 4.3920263e-05
9,345 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3536343e-05
9,346 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 4.3532026e-05
9,404 Revisiting B-tree Compression: An Experimental Study 2024 SIGMOD 4.3441378e-05
9,454 OptiQL: Robust Optimistic Locking for Memory-Optimized Indexes 2023 SIGMOD 4.3391522e-05
9,618 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 4.3173366e-05
9,746 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 4.2897489e-05
9,827 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 4.2751057e-05
9,844 DumpKV: Learning based lifetime aware garbage collection for key value separation in LSM-tree 2025 VLDB 4.2721228e-05
9,852 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 4.2714575e-05
9,892 DBMS Fitting: Why should we learn what we already know? 2020 CIDR 4.261445e-05
9,903 Towards Systematic Index Dynamization 2024 VLDB 4.258022e-05
10,032 Rainbow: Risk-aware Index Benefit Estimation Facing Out Of Distribution Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,038 Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,087 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,169 From Learning to Recycling: A Log-Structured Learned-Less Index 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,172 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,174 IDAP++: Advancing Divergence-Aware Pruning with Joint Filter and Layer Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,180 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,293 Vodka: Rethink Benchmarking Philosophy in HTAP Systems 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,312 A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,319 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,396 VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity 2025 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,484 Femur: A Flexible Framework for Fast and Secure Querying from Public Key-Value Store 2025 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,562 FB+-tree: A Memory-Optimized B+-tree with Latch-Free Update 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,698 Not Small Enough? SegPQ: A Learned Approach to Compress Product Quantization Codebooks 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,712 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,872 LASER: Buffer-Aware Learned Query Scheduling in Master-Standby Databases 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,949 SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index 2024 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,251 Fast Search-By-Classification for Large-Scale Databases Using Index-Aware Decision Trees and Random Forests 2023 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,276 Route Travel Time Estimation on A Road Network Revisited: Heterogeneity, Proximity, Periodicity and Dynamicity 2023 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,504 LES3: Learning-based Exact Set Similarity Search 2021 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 17 of 17 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
102 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049545203
103 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00049150032
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
238 Cache Conscious Indexing for Decision-Support in Main Memory 1999 VLDB 0.00031642425
333 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027206884
381 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00024873637
531 Improving Index Performance through Prefetching 2001 SIGMOD 0.00020790058
716 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00017723171
801 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016505496
1,254 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013027411
1,375 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00012303141
1,478 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011762542
1,611 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011147324
1,913 BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing 2014 VLDB 0.00010113937
2,732 Efficiently Searching In-Memory Sorted Arrays: Revenge of the Interpolation Search? 2019 SIGMOD 8.2087602e-05
2,865 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 7.9862595e-05
3,366 An Adaptive Packed-Memory Array 2006 PODS 7.1726818e-05
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