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Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical

Summary: Bao is a bandit-based learned optimizer atop optimizers, offering per-query hints via Thompson sampling and tree-CNNs. Adapts to workload, data, and schema changes, improving end-to-end and tail latency; cloud tests show cost reductions and stronger performance. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
6118
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00018759152
Overall Rank
640 | 95.55%
DOI
10.1145/3448016.3452838

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 119 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,026 ADOPT: Adaptively Optimizing Attribute Orders for Worst-Case Optimal Join Algorithms via Reinforcement Learning 2023 VLDB 4.6030518e-05
8,131 Sibyl: Forecasting Time-Evolving Query Workloads 2024 SIGMOD 4.5784634e-05
8,164 Efficiently Computing Join Orders with Heuristic Search 2023 SIGMOD 4.5718104e-05
8,186 E2ETune: End-to-End Knob Tuning via Fine-tuned Generative Language Model 2025 VLDB 4.5651684e-05
8,207 SQLStorm: Taking Database Benchmarking into the LLM Era 2025 VLDB 4.5583637e-05
8,417 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 4.5194164e-05
8,442 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 4.5120602e-05
8,448 PARQO: Penalty-Aware Robust Plan Selection in Query Optimization 2024 VLDB 4.5100508e-05
8,488 Can Large Language Models Be Query Optimizer for Relational Databases? 2026 SIGMOD 4.4998609e-05
8,643 One Size Does Not Fit All: A Bandit-Based Sampler Combination Framework with Theoretical Guarantees 2022 SIGMOD 4.4777916e-05
8,659 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.4722928e-05
8,688 NeurDB: On the Design and Implementation of an AI-powered Autonomous Database 2025 CIDR 4.4673127e-05
8,774 Tiresias: Enabling Predictive Autonomous Storage and Indexing 2022 VLDB 4.4559995e-05
8,775 SkinnerMT: Parallelizing for Efficiency and Robustness in Adaptive Query Processing on Multicore Platforms 2023 VLDB 4.4553047e-05
8,783 GEqO: ML-Accelerated Semantic Equivalence Detection 2023 SIGMOD 4.452825e-05
8,847 Towards Foundation Database Models 2025 CIDR 4.4371897e-05
8,854 Optimizing the cloud? Don't train models. Build oracles! 2024 CIDR 4.4349047e-05
8,956 T3: Accurate and Fast Performance Prediction for Relational Database Systems With Compiled Decision Trees 2025 SIGMOD 4.4214154e-05
9,006 Hit the Gym: Accelerating Query Execution to Efficiently Bootstrap Behavior Models for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2024 VLDB 4.4101482e-05
9,108 BASE: Bridging the Gap between Cost and Latency for Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 4.3950066e-05
9,141 Automatic SQL Error Mitigation in Oracle 2023 VLDB 4.3855791e-05
9,187 POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance 2024 VLDB 4.3780059e-05
9,317 Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example 2025 VLDB 4.3556432e-05
9,345 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3536343e-05
9,467 Database Gyms 2023 CIDR 4.3346412e-05
9,587 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.3215645e-05
9,693 ROME: Robust Query Optimization via Parallel Multi-Plan Execution 2024 SIGMOD 4.3027391e-05
9,710 QO-Insight: Inspecting Steered Query Optimizers 2023 VLDB 4.299267e-05
9,747 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 4.2897489e-05
9,806 The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format 2024 SIGMOD 4.2805224e-05
9,825 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 4.2751057e-05
9,827 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 4.2751057e-05
9,869 Turbo-Charging SPJ Query Plans with Learned Physical Join Operator Selections 2022 VLDB 4.2675361e-05
9,917 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 4.2561557e-05
9,945 SSCard: Substring Cardinality Estimation using Suffix Tree-Guided Learned FM-Index 2026 SIGMOD 4.2432653e-05
9,960 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2294678e-05
9,983 Does A Fish Need a Bicycle? The Case for On-Chip NPUs in DBMS 2026 CIDR 4.1945683e-05
10,018 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,050 APQO: An Adaptive Framework for Parametric Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,096 NeuSO: Neural Optimizer for Subgraph Queries 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,112 SEFRQO: A Self-Evolving Fine-Tuned RAG-Based Query Optimizer 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,156 Divo: Learning a Stable and Effective Query Optimizer with a Diverse Workload 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,199 R2O: A Dual-Layer Framework for Joint Rewriting and Ordering in Distributed Property Graph Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,203 Reqo: A Comprehensive Learning-Based Cost Model for Robust and Explainable Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,217 This is Going to Sound Crazy, But What If We Used Large Language Models to Boost Automatic Database Tuning Algorithms By Leveraging Prior History? We Will Find Better Configurations More Quickly Than Retraining From Scratch! 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,225 LIO: A lightweight and interpretable query optimizer based on an evolutionary forest 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,227 Sample-based Distinct Cardinality Estimation for Multiple Attributes in Multi-Dataset Queries 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,265 AQD: Online Adaptive Query Dispatcher for HTAP Databases 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,271 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 20 of 20 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040449103
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059038975
102 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049545203
182 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036962631
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
333 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027206884
359 Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2017 CIDR 0.0002592783
758 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.0001706608
801 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016505496
806 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00016434274
884 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.00015654004
910 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423056
1,019 Robust Estimation of Resource Consumption for SQL Queries using Statistical Techniques 2012 VLDB 0.00014625603
1,737 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010720294
1,855 AI Meets AI: Leveraging Query Executions to Improve Index Recommendations 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010315245
2,156 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2018 VLDB 9.4170209e-05
2,307 On Predictive Modeling for Optimizing Transaction Execution in Parallel OLTP Systems 2012 VLDB 9.0599752e-05
2,965 SQLShare: Results from a Multi-Year SQL-as-a-Service Experiment 2016 SIGMOD 7.8059273e-05
4,549 Database-Agnostic Workload Management 2019 CIDR 6.0926728e-05
4,961 Releasing Cloud Databases from the Chains of Performance Prediction Models 2017 CIDR 5.7984657e-05
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