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Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study

Summary: Introduces a taxonomy and unified workflow for learned cardinality estimators, enabling fair, apples-to-apples evaluation of join scenarios. Conducts comprehensive experiments on IMDB and TPC-DS beyond toy datasets, demystifies black-box models, identifies error drivers, and links CE to query optimization, suggesting actionable research directions. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
6465
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2022
Pagerank
7.3074684e-05
Overall Rank
3,266 | 77.29%
DOI
10.1145/3514221.3526154

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 28 of 28 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
4,417 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 6.2037371e-05
5,423 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 5.5130233e-05
5,640 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 5.3933314e-05
5,972 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 5.2474768e-05
6,328 A Comparative Study and Component Analysis of Query Plan Representation Techniques in ML4DB Studies 2024 VLDB 5.1082882e-05
6,383 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0884322e-05
6,685 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 4.9627485e-05
6,750 Breaking It Down: An In-depth Study of Index Advisors 2024 VLDB 4.9392771e-05
7,123 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.8251036e-05
7,344 Join Size Bounds using l_p-Norms on Degree Sequences 2024 PODS 4.7565607e-05
7,828 Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems 2024 SIGMOD 4.6407986e-05
8,416 Towards Building Autonomous Data Services on Azure 2023 SIGMOD 4.5196199e-05
8,582 Towards Query Optimizer as a Service (QOaaS) in a Unified LakeHouse Ecosystem: Can One QO Rule Them All? 2025 CIDR 4.492033e-05
9,213 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.3721075e-05
9,230 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 4.3690661e-05
9,345 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3536343e-05
9,747 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 4.2897489e-05
9,812 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 4.2783272e-05
9,878 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 4.2656547e-05
9,960 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2294678e-05
10,014 BEE: Towards Redundancy Reduction via Block-Separator Decomposition for Subgraph Matching 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,149 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,197 Qualitative Join Discovery in Data Lakes using Examples 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,833 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,880 RankPQO: Learning-to-Rank for Parametric Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,084 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,190 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059038975
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
608 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019235898
659 The Making of TPC-DS 2006 VLDB 0.00018500853
758 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.0001706608
806 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00016434274
910 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423056
1,105 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00013990395
1,254 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013027411
1,369 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00012339777
1,703 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010836769
1,737 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010720294
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.9554751e-05
2,762 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.1585394e-05
2,783 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 8.1293383e-05
3,473 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.062864e-05
3,499 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 7.0376445e-05
3,924 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 6.6271553e-05
4,359 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 6.2569955e-05
5,951 PGMJoins: Random Join Sampling with Graphical Models 2021 SIGMOD 5.2592385e-05
6,230 Learned Approximate Query Processing: Make it Light, Accurate and Fast 2021 CIDR 5.145989e-05
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7,221 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.797194e-05
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6,383 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0884322e-05
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