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Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really?

Summary: Introduces the Join Order Benchmark (JOB) and an empirical methodology to disentangle plan enumeration, cost modeling, and cardinality estimation contributions to optimizer quality. Finds pervasive cardinality-estimation errors dominate bad plans, spurring research on learned estimators, robustness, adaptive execution, and realistic workloads. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h901e57d5760caf14
Venue
VLDB
Year
2025
Pagerank
5.0789354e-05
Overall Rank
10,103 | 32.08%
DOI
10.14778/3750601.3760521

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{leis_vldb25,
        title = {{Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really?}},
        author = {Leis, Viktor and Gubichev, Andrey and Mirchev, Atanas and Boncz, Peter and Kemper, Alfons and Neumann, Thomas},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '25},
        volume = {18},
        number = {12},
        pages = {5531--5536},
        doi = {10.14778/3750601.3760521},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3750601.3760521},
        year = {2025}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 1 of 1 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
10,356 I Can't Believe It's Not Yannakakis: Pragmatic Bitmap Filters in Microsoft SQL Server 2026 CIDR 4.9793485e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 36 of 36 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0023947656
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061066921
85 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035864347
98 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034106982
145 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.0002908188
272 An Overview of Query Optimization in Relational Systems 1998 PODS 0.00022509573
315 Worst-Case Optimal Join Algorithms: Techniques, Results, and Open Problems 2018 PODS 0.00021246
318 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021167555
362 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00019989474
387 The LDBC Social Network Benchmark: Interactive Workload 2015 SIGMOD 0.00019426275
512 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017050173
712 Optimizing Subgraph Queries by Combining Binary and Worst-Case Optimal Joins 2019 VLDB 0.00014578373
982 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012714044
1,064 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012202282
1,596 Adopting Worst-Case Optimal Joins in Relational Database Systems 2020 VLDB 0.00010127607
1,734 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7545773e-05
1,800 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2018 VLDB 9.6093317e-05
1,929 Consistently Estimating the Selectivity of Conjuncts of Predicates 2005 VLDB 9.3546057e-05
2,342 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.6060437e-05
3,052 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.7052471e-05
3,055 The LDBC Social Network Benchmark: Business Intelligence Workload 2023 VLDB 7.6979859e-05
3,153 Robust Join Processing with Diamond Hardened Joins 2024 VLDB 7.5883271e-05
3,465 DIAMetrics: Benchmarking Query Engines at Scale 2020 VLDB 7.2808932e-05
4,112 Don’t Hold My Data Hostage – A Case For Client Protocol Redesign 2017 VLDB 6.7994301e-05
4,132 SQLStorm: Taking Database Benchmarking into the LLM Era 2025 VLDB 6.7885553e-05
4,369 Predicate Transfer: Efficient Pre-Filtering on Multi-Join Queries 2024 CIDR 6.6315141e-05
4,852 LpBound: Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation using ℓp-Norms of Degree Sequences 2025 SIGMOD 6.3806134e-05
4,950 Debunking the Myth of Join Ordering: Toward Robust SQL Analytics 2025 SIGMOD 6.3421691e-05
5,022 Analyzing the Impact of Cardinality Estimation on Execution Plans in Microsoft SQL Server 2023 VLDB 6.3100988e-05
5,219 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 6.222726e-05
5,241 FASTgres: Making Learned Query Optimizer Hinting Effective 2023 VLDB 6.2154384e-05
5,348 Adaptive and Robust Query Execution for Lakehouses at Scale 2024 VLDB 6.1690434e-05
6,710 Simple Adaptive Query Processing vs. Learned Query Optimizers: Observations and Analysis 2023 VLDB 5.7019157e-05
6,805 Instance-Optimal Acyclic Join Processing Without Regret: Engineering the Yannakakis Algorithm in Column Stores 2025 VLDB 5.6780394e-05
7,410 POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance 2024 VLDB 5.5342768e-05
8,269 Accelerate Distributed Joins with Predicate Transfer 2025 SIGMOD 5.3648571e-05
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