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Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning

Summary: Proposes MSCN, a multi-set convolutional network that encodes relational query plans with set semantics to learn cardinalities and capture join-crossing correlations. Combines deep learning with sampling to handle zero-sample cases, yielding much better estimates on real-world data. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hac0e2fce2cb9474d
Venue
CIDR
Year
2019
Pagerank
0.00035920657
Overall Rank
84 | 99.44%
DOI
-
PDF
Download (CC BY 3.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{kipf_cidr19,
        address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands},
        series = {{CIDR} '19},
        title = {{Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning}},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Innovative} {Data} {Systems} {Research}},
        author = {Kipf, Andreas and Kipf, Thomas and Radke, Bernhard and Leis, Viktor and Boncz, Peter and Kemper, Alfons},
        year = {2019}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 185 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
142 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00029114937
320 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021128745
355 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00020146245
405 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019020138
427 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018429918
453 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001801482
508 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017108973
545 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.0001657599
550 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016525249
690 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014703258
983 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012677179
1,064 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012181459
1,156 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011759683
1,175 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 0.00011630532
1,513 DSB: A Decision Support Benchmark for Workload-Driven and Traditional Database Systems 2021 VLDB 0.00010394557
1,583 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010148362
1,740 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7289523e-05
1,888 WeTune: Automatic Discovery and Verification of Query Rewrite Rules 2022 SIGMOD 9.4148912e-05
1,931 CodexDB: Synthesizing Code for Query Processing from Natural Language Instructions using GPT-3 Codex 2022 VLDB 9.3449634e-05
2,009 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.1813272e-05
2,169 QueryFormer: A Tree Transformer Model for Query Plan Representation 2022 VLDB 8.9151935e-05
2,190 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.8848923e-05
2,249 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.7479608e-05
2,348 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.5910072e-05
2,389 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 8.5228689e-05
2,481 Learning a Partitioning Advisor for Cloud Databases 2020 SIGMOD 8.3862675e-05
2,523 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.3316032e-05
2,584 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2435322e-05
2,619 Zero-Shot Cost Models for Out-of-the-box Learned Cost Prediction 2022 VLDB 8.1985665e-05
2,696 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1068354e-05
2,772 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0148928e-05
2,828 Cost Models for Big Data Query Processing: Learning, Retrofitting, and Our Findings 2020 SIGMOD 7.9476509e-05
2,852 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.9201312e-05
2,971 Proving Query Equivalence Using Linear Integer Arithmetic 2023 SIGMOD 7.7851336e-05
3,060 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.6828463e-05
3,093 Correlation Sketches for Approximate Join-Correlation Queries 2021 SIGMOD 7.6378811e-05
3,105 A Learned Sketch for Subgraph Counting 2021 SIGMOD 7.6278115e-05
3,212 Efficiently Approximating Selectivity Functions using Low Overhead Regression Models 2020 VLDB 7.5145409e-05
3,282 Estimating Cardinalities with Deep Sketches 2019 SIGMOD 7.4491295e-05
3,328 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.4094448e-05
3,555 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.1877332e-05
3,655 UDO: Universal Database Optimization using Reinforcement Learning 2021 VLDB 7.1137504e-05
3,687 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 7.0797286e-05
3,715 The Case for a Learned Sorting Algorithm 2020 SIGMOD 7.0549546e-05
3,716 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.0541948e-05
3,740 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.0398782e-05
3,909 SQLStorm: Taking Database Benchmarking into the LLM Era 2025 VLDB 6.9127576e-05
3,959 MB2: Decomposed Behavior Modeling for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2021 SIGMOD 6.8804723e-05
3,967 Efficient Deep Learning Pipelines for Accurate Cost Estimations Over Large Scale Query Workload 2021 SIGMOD 6.8772718e-05
3,995 Simplicity Done Right for Join Ordering 2021 CIDR 6.8530469e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 14 of 14 cited papers.

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