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Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning

Summary: Proposes MSCN, a multi-set convolutional network that encodes relational query plans with set semantics to learn cardinalities and capture join-crossing correlations. Combines deep learning with sampling to handle zero-sample cases, yielding much better estimates on real-world data. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hac0e2fce2cb9474d
Venue
CIDR
Year
2019
Pagerank
0.00035876108
Overall Rank
85 | 99.44%
DOI
-
PDF
Download (CC BY 3.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{kipf_cidr19,
        address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands},
        series = {{CIDR} '19},
        title = {{Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning}},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Innovative} {Data} {Systems} {Research}},
        author = {Kipf, Andreas and Kipf, Thomas and Radke, Bernhard and Leis, Viktor and Boncz, Peter and Kemper, Alfons},
        year = {2019}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 184 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
144 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00029090793
318 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021166957
361 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00020000855
406 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019050182
422 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018488849
462 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00017836105
510 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017059914
555 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.0001650754
560 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.00016408613
691 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014737455
981 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012713454
1,065 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012202293
1,155 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011777046
1,195 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 0.00011574218
1,515 DSB: A Decision Support Benchmark for Workload-Driven and Traditional Database Systems 2021 VLDB 0.00010418766
1,580 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010177136
1,735 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7566604e-05
1,890 WeTune: Automatic Discovery and Verification of Query Rewrite Rules 2022 SIGMOD 9.4234723e-05
1,975 CodexDB: Synthesizing Code for Query Processing from Natural Language Instructions using GPT-3 Codex 2022 VLDB 9.2801545e-05
2,002 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2076835e-05
2,209 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.8360101e-05
2,237 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 8.7738349e-05
2,248 QueryFormer: A Tree Transformer Model for Query Plan Representation 2022 VLDB 8.7567205e-05
2,342 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.6074783e-05
2,393 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 8.5298464e-05
2,476 Learning a Partitioning Advisor for Cloud Databases 2020 SIGMOD 8.407183e-05
2,518 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.3532841e-05
2,583 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2589842e-05
2,686 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1300913e-05
2,765 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0401855e-05
2,833 Cost Models for Big Data Query Processing: Learning, Retrofitting, and Our Findings 2020 SIGMOD 7.9539771e-05
2,844 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.9446987e-05
2,879 Zero-Shot Cost Models for Out-of-the-box Learned Cost Prediction 2022 VLDB 7.9126862e-05
2,963 Proving Query Equivalence Using Linear Integer Arithmetic 2023 SIGMOD 7.8035846e-05
3,053 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.7041081e-05
3,092 Correlation Sketches for Approximate Join-Correlation Queries 2021 SIGMOD 7.6548729e-05
3,161 A Learned Sketch for Subgraph Counting 2021 SIGMOD 7.5771609e-05
3,208 Efficiently Approximating Selectivity Functions using Low Overhead Regression Models 2020 VLDB 7.5355264e-05
3,272 Estimating Cardinalities with Deep Sketches 2019 SIGMOD 7.4711788e-05
3,563 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.2023194e-05
3,565 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.200937e-05
3,648 UDO: Universal Database Optimization using Reinforcement Learning 2021 VLDB 7.1366536e-05
3,680 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 7.1016555e-05
3,708 The Case for a Learned Sorting Algorithm 2020 SIGMOD 7.0781032e-05
3,710 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.0775695e-05
3,742 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.0564546e-05
3,900 SQLStorm: Taking Database Benchmarking into the LLM Era 2025 VLDB 6.9320915e-05
3,964 MB2: Decomposed Behavior Modeling for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2021 SIGMOD 6.889374e-05
3,979 Efficient Deep Learning Pipelines for Accurate Cost Estimations Over Large Scale Query Workload 2021 SIGMOD 6.8791817e-05
3,983 Simplicity Done Right for Join Ordering 2021 CIDR 6.8722161e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 14 of 14 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061067652
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046363107
78 Automatic Database Management System Tuning Through Large-scale Machine Learning 2017 SIGMOD 0.00036675568
103 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00033884854
386 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00019446558
682 Robust Estimation of Resource Consumption for SQL Queries using Statistical Techniques 2012 VLDB 0.00014814858
688 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014749318
749 Join Size Estimation Subject to Filter Conditions 2015 VLDB 0.00014261044
1,185 Adaptive Optimization of Very Large Join Queries 2018 SIGMOD 0.00011607329
1,258 Sampling-Based Query Re-Optimization 2016 SIGMOD 0.00011308863
1,543 Improved Selectivity Estimation by Combining Knowledge from Sampling and Synopses 2018 VLDB 0.00010305662
1,678 Two-Level Sampling for Join Size Estimation 2017 SIGMOD 9.9056116e-05
2,174 A Black-Box Approach to Query Cardinality Estimation 2007 CIDR 8.9193253e-05
2,303 Selectivity Estimation in Extensible Databases - A Neural Network Approach 1998 VLDB 8.6685874e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

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