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Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation

Summary: Comprehensive real-DBMS benchmark of cardinality estimators, integrating representative methods into PostgreSQL over STATS/STATS-CEB. Shows Q-Error poorly predicts plan quality and introduces P-Error, an end-to-end metric aligned with optimizer performance. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h935c03f6a9a3f706
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
0.00012713454
Overall Rank
981 | 93.41%
DOI
10.14778/3503585.3503586
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{han_vldb22,
        title = {{Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation}},
        author = {Han, Yuxing and Wu, Ziniu and Wu, Peizhi and Zhu, Rong and Yang, Jingyi and Tan, Liang Wei and Zeng, Kai and Cong, Gao and Qin, Yanzhao and Pfadler, Andreas and Qian, Zhengping and Zhou, Jingren and Li, Jiangneng and Cui, Bin},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {4},
        pages = {752--765},
        doi = {10.14778/3503585.3503586},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3503585.3503586},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 80 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,209 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.8360101e-05
2,844 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.9446987e-05
3,228 Opportunities for Quantum Acceleration of Databases: Optimization of Queries and Transaction Schedules 2023 VLDB 7.5059992e-05
3,327 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.4233639e-05
3,900 SQLStorm: Taking Database Benchmarking into the LLM Era 2025 VLDB 6.9320915e-05
4,191 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 6.7425275e-05
4,240 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 6.7064546e-05
4,299 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.6766173e-05
4,485 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 6.5771335e-05
4,854 LpBound: Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation using ℓp-Norms of Degree Sequences 2025 SIGMOD 6.3775929e-05
5,020 Analyzing the Impact of Cardinality Estimation on Execution Plans in Microsoft SQL Server 2023 VLDB 6.3096708e-05
5,216 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.2218868e-05
5,224 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 6.2197808e-05
5,438 Eraser: Eliminating Performance Regression on Learned Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 6.1278045e-05
5,482 A Comparative Study and Component Analysis of Query Plan Representation Techniques in ML4DB Studies 2024 VLDB 6.1123461e-05
5,630 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.056758e-05
5,700 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 6.028998e-05
5,910 Join Size Bounds using l_p-Norms on Degree Sequences 2024 PODS 5.9478947e-05
6,107 Breaking It Down: An In-depth Study of Index Advisors 2024 VLDB 5.8833461e-05
6,298 Is Your Learned Query Optimizer Behaving As You Expect? A Machine Learning Perspective 2024 VLDB 5.8177684e-05
6,408 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7921918e-05
6,664 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 5.715134e-05
6,811 Instance-Optimal Acyclic Join Processing Without Regret: Engineering the Yannakakis Algorithm in Column Stores 2025 VLDB 5.6754603e-05
6,824 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.670071e-05
6,889 LPLM: A Neural Language Model for Cardinality Estimation of LIKE-Queries 2024 SIGMOD 5.6536655e-05
7,572 Convolution and Cross-Correlation of Count Sketches Enables Fast Cardinality Estimation of Multi-Join Queries 2024 SIGMOD 5.492682e-05
7,653 Disclosure-Compliant Query Answering 2024 SIGMOD 5.4746904e-05
7,869 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.4342182e-05
7,922 Avoiding Materialisation for Guarded Aggregate Queries 2025 VLDB 5.4250308e-05
8,393 PARQO: Penalty-Aware Robust Plan Selection in Query Optimization 2024 VLDB 5.3387995e-05
8,808 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.2717563e-05
9,010 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.2371313e-05
9,122 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 5.2251319e-05
9,381 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 5.1843659e-05
9,489 LpBound in Action: Cardinality Estimation with One-Sided Guarantees 2025 SIGMOD 5.168414e-05
9,556 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.1580326e-05
9,642 Poisson Sampling over Acyclic Joins 2026 SIGMOD 5.1445295e-05
9,723 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 5.1329654e-05
9,725 APQO: An Adaptive Framework for Parametric Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 5.1325223e-05
9,735 PAR2QO: Parametric Penalty-Aware Robust Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 5.1325223e-05
9,900 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 5.1110481e-05
9,911 AgentTune: An Agent-Based Large Language Model Framework for Database Knob Tuning 2026 SIGMOD 5.1079647e-05
9,917 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 5.1079647e-05
9,950 Wred: Workload Reduction for Scalable Index Tuning 2024 SIGMOD 5.102891e-05
9,983 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 5.1007226e-05
10,062 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 5.0851868e-05
10,107 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 5.0765311e-05
10,152 Improving DBMS Scheduling Decisions with Accurate Performance Prediction on Concurrent Queries 2025 VLDB 5.0691578e-05
10,187 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 5.0628015e-05
10,222 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 5.0560976e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 35 of 35 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0023943337
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061067652
85 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035876108
98 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034099838
103 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00033884854
286 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022112534
318 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021166957
371 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00019822444
386 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00019446558
406 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019050182
462 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00017836105
510 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017059914
596 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015782051
688 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014749318
691 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014737455
700 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014675903
795 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013934719
867 Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes 2000 SIGMOD 0.00013376165
1,058 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012224038
1,065 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012202293
1,432 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010676754
1,465 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010572023
1,509 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010436933
1,580 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010177136
1,735 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7566604e-05
2,002 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2076835e-05
2,217 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.8151982e-05
2,824 G-CARE: A Framework for Performance Benchmarking of Cardinality Estimation Techniques for Subgraph Matching 2020 SIGMOD 7.9662478e-05
3,053 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.7041081e-05
3,362 Exact Cardinality Query Optimization for Optimizer Testing 2009 VLDB 7.3719912e-05
3,563 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.2023194e-05
4,644 Efficient Join Synopsis Maintenance for Data Warehouse 2020 SIGMOD 6.4869417e-05
5,200 Exact Cardinality Query Optimization with Bounded Execution Cost 2019 SIGMOD 6.2303304e-05
6,408 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7921918e-05
8,501 SPRINTER: A Fast n-ary Join Query Processing Method for Complex OLAP Queries 2020 SIGMOD 5.3285575e-05
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