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Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation

Summary: Deep autoregressive models for unsupervised cardinality estimation, no independence assumptions. Monte Carlo integration over autoregressors enables range queries across dimensions, delivering single-digit tail error and up to 90x gains vs baselines. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12132
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.0001706608
Overall Rank
758 | 94.73%
DOI
10.14778/3368289.3368294

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 100 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,775 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 4.9299192e-05
6,879 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 4.8971368e-05
7,123 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.8251036e-05
7,126 Debunking the Myth of Join Ordering: Toward Robust SQL Analytics 2025 SIGMOD 4.8232367e-05
7,221 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.797194e-05
7,457 Selectivity Functions of Range Queries are Learnable* 2022 SIGMOD 4.7247191e-05
7,461 Scalable Multi-Query Execution using Reinforcement Learning 2021 SIGMOD 4.723898e-05
7,474 Cardinality Estimation of Approximate Substring Queries using Deep Learning 2022 VLDB 4.7194345e-05
7,634 ReStore - Neural Data Completion for Relational Databases 2021 SIGMOD 4.6911382e-05
8,220 PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost! 2021 VLDB 4.5557328e-05
8,384 Consistent and Flexible Selectivity Estimation for High-Dimensional Data 2021 SIGMOD 4.5304673e-05
8,523 Controllable Tabular Data Synthesis Using Diffusion Models 2024 SIGMOD 4.4937074e-05
8,650 HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle 2022 SIGMOD 4.4761716e-05
8,834 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.4394021e-05
8,948 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 4.423786e-05
9,107 NeuroSketch: Fast and Approximate Evaluation of Range Aggregate Queries with Neural Networks 2023 SIGMOD 4.3950706e-05
9,118 Towards Observability for Production Machine Learning Pipelines 2022 VLDB 4.3928288e-05
9,187 POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance 2024 VLDB 4.3780059e-05
9,213 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.3721075e-05
9,345 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3536343e-05
9,380 Small Selectivities Matter: Lifting the Burden of Empty Samples 2021 SIGMOD 4.3461329e-05
9,388 CEDA: Learned Cardinality Estimation with Domain Adaptation 2023 VLDB 4.3443083e-05
9,587 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.3215645e-05
9,628 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 4.3143499e-05
9,662 Efficient Query Re-optimization with Judicious Subquery Selections 2023 SIGMOD 4.3097631e-05
9,691 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 4.3035354e-05
9,726 Cardinality Estimation of LIKE Predicate Queries using Deep Learning 2025 SIGMOD 4.2943379e-05
9,728 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 4.2942813e-05
9,825 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 4.2751057e-05
9,848 Saving Money for Analytical Workloads in the Cloud 2024 VLDB 4.2721228e-05
9,852 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 4.2714575e-05
9,878 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 4.2656547e-05
9,960 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2294678e-05
10,216 The Case For Language Model Approximated LIKE Predicate 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,385 Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve 2025 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,481 FAAQP: Fast and Accurate Approximate Query Processing based on Bitmap-augmented Sum-Product Network 2025 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,590 ACE: A Cardinality Estimator for Set-Valued Queries 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,619 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,630 Conformal Prediction for Verifiable Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,639 Cardinality Estimation for Having-Clauses 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,699 The Accuracy of Cardinality Estimators: Unraveling the Evaluation Result Conundrum 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,833 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,859 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,872 LASER: Buffer-Aware Learned Query Scheduling in Master-Standby Databases 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,942 Sub-optimal Join Order Identification with L1-error 2024 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,190 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,194 A Step Toward Deep Online Aggregation 2023 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,212 SH2O: Efficient Data Access for Work-Sharing Databases 2023 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,341 Juggler: Autonomous Cost Optimization and Performance Prediction of Big Data Applications 2022 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040449103
18 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.00092385438
64 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00063612837
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059038975
141 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00041786333
182 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036962631
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
252 Adaptive Selectivity Estimation Using Query Feedback 1994 SIGMOD 0.00030632263
333 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027206884
372 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354779
512 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00021380733
842 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016031973
1,105 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00013990395
1,233 Maximizing the Output Rate of Multi-Way Join Queries over Streaming Information Sources 2003 VLDB 0.0001313363
1,254 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013027411
1,547 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011442359
1,737 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010720294
2,083 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 9.5834572e-05
2,165 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 9.389622e-05
2,969 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7974762e-05
7,581 Synopses for Query Optimization: A Space-Complexity Perspective 2004 PODS 4.7057641e-05
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